الفهرس 
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Abstract
For many years in the past decision makers for sanitation in Egypt built their decision upon initial cost only, neglecting the other long term costs like running cost and operation and maintenance and other factors affecting the treatment processes. When fundamentals of value engineering science were introduced, things began to be changed. After the development of Environmental Engineering science, other factors that may affect the decision making process , like sustainability, surrounding impact, the assessment, manipulation of environment and other factors who can introduce new parameters which is essential that needs to be added to the equation of choice. Also other social factors were neglected like people’s habits and what effect that impacted them in daily life. Their ability to manage the system in case of decentralization, the contribution of different stake holders affects the management of the system especially in decentralization. Those factors could be essential in any study. This study focuses on these new parameters and to translate them into numerical values to help the decision makers to make a better judgement and to reach the most practical decision needed for sanitation and water treatment in Egypt.The sanitation situation in the remote villages in the Delta Egypt is becoming not only a huge environmental crises but also a crucial health problem .The problem lies in the rising of g.w.t due to the old used systems of disposal (bottomless cesspool ”trench”), the waste water is mixing with the g.w.t and causing its rising to the extent that it floods the streets in some cases.The study of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is becoming urgent and more relying on management techniques such as risk analysis , creating weight score matrices for different variables surrounding the Environment of the different treatment plants in each case depending on the location , the cultural habits of inhabitants ,Socio economic impact assessment, sociological impacts, ethical considerations. Applying Construction Management technique is mainly depending on ideas of value engineering as a tool of comparison to create a proper economical evaluation process for every technique. Based on mathematical equations, statistics, studying environment, through comparative analysis of existing different case studies hence creating philosophy of the technical choice. This could be done by producing mathematical equations to simulate the variables that are not added to the usual value engineering studies. Environmental assessment and the sustainability of the project and other variables will be scored in defined figures through a special score matrix technique.Three techniques have been chosen for comparison: Stabilization Ponds, Extended Aeration and Down Hanging Sponge (D.H.S). Creating a score matrix technique to help the traditional value engineering study to be related more to the EIA study. Adding new parameters such as life cycle analysis (LCA) to be scored and weighted hence valued. Moreover using sampling and other means of definition to reach the comparative analysis needed to choose the best treatment technique required for every case was carried out. It is found, after this study, that the parameters can be increased according to evolution of environmental science that is rapidly in progress every day finding justification of progress due to our need to preservation of environment. Also this study revealed that the DHS is in a lot of aspects in case of the Egyptian villages more than 5000 capita and less than 50000 capita because of more land preserving and better in case of water reuse specially if unrestricted. Moreover, the D.H.S proved to be more economical than the other two options regarding this amount of discharge as a capital cost but not in O&M since the stabilization ponds (SPO) is cheaper and more sustainable in this area. Its simple components for construction makes it more economical and also can be pre cast built in a mass building facility and installed at site which makes it a convenient solution on the national scale to preserve constant quality fabric to guarantee automatically a constant degree of performance of treatment. Other solutions as the zero energy compact unit (Zecu) treatment plant, can be also of the same use since it is the same idea of treatment with sponge media. In case of public participation in O&M the D.H.S is not the simplest but in between of the other two techniques. As mentioned before it can be manufactured on massive scale also training & awareness can be done on a national scale as to train several amount of users in the same training facility. This also guarantees a significant standard of operation and degree of knowledge to the environmental challenges that face those villages and create a mass awareness and general knowledge. The only problem found for this system is that in case of seasonal operation when the discharge is fluctuating from high to low discharge. Then the bacteria needs stimulating and this process has to be done on a professional level that cannot easily provided in the available O&M local contractors. Then in this case if land conservation is an essential factor then the E.A is the best choice other than that then the SPO can be taken into consideration.