الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Central venous catheterization is widely used in clinical practice and especially during cardiac surgery for administration of vasoactive agents, invasive hemodynamic monitoring and as access for large caliber vessels. Internal jugular vein in preferred for central access in cardiac surgery.
Central venous access in pediatric population is much more difficult than adult population due to anatomical differences related mainly to size of vessel leading to higher rate of failure, more attempts and higher incidence of complications.
US guided central venous access has improved success rate of CVC insertion especially in pediatric patients leading to recommendation for routine use of US in all pediatric central venous insertions. IJV which is the preferred site of CVC insertion in cardiac surgery, is easily accessible by US.
Clinicians insert CVC either by standard seldinger approach utilizing a thin-wall needle technique or a modified seldinger approach utilizing a catheter-over-needle technique.
The present study was carried out on 120 infants, ASA physical status class III and IV, admitted to “Alexandria Main University hospital” for electivecardiac surgery for repair of congenital heart defects.
Exclusion criteria: