الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents 85%-90% of primary liver cancers accounting for 3.5% and 7.5% of all cancers among women and men respectively, and accounts for half a million deaths per year. It is rarely detected early and usually fatal within few months of diagnosis. The incidence of HCC is increasing, and currently it is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, accounting for approximately 800000 deaths every year. In Egypt, the incidence of HCC has been nearly doubled over the last decade.
Our study was designed to characterize patterns of HCC cases in Sohag, Upper Egypt to lay the groundwork for future researches directed to understand the complex etiology of this disease.
This hospital-based case-control study included 215 patients with HCC (They were divided into two groups: cirrhotic group (190 cirrhotic HCC patients and 100 cirrhotic controls) and non-cirrhotic group (25 non-cirrhotic HCC patients and 115 non-cirrhotic controls) over a 3 years period from January 2013 to December 2015. It was carried out at Sohag Cancer Center, and Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology in Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt. The clinical information and laboratory work up about these patients were obtained from medical records and archive files. We excluded patients with primary tumors other than hepatocellular carcinoma (breast cancer and basal cell carcinoma).
In our study hepatocellular carcinoma cirrhotic group we found that aged≥ 50 years and smoking were significant risk factors to develop hepatocellular carcinoma, smoking increased the risk to develop hepatocellular carcinoma 4 times.
In non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma group patients revealed that smoking is the only factor that increase risk developing hepatocellular carcinoma (5 times higher), adjusted to other factors.
Type of hepatitis had insignificant higher risk to develop HCC in both cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma group and non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma group.
Different methods for treatment included in our study depended on the availability or not of some methods, materials, drugs, and the experience of medical team.
Some methods for treatment have a high deterioration rate like chemotherapy and symptomatic treatment. Some methods for treatment have a high cure rate like radiofrequency ablation and liver resection. Others make some patients condition stable like viscum fraxini.
Although many methods of treatment have a high deterioration rate, but survival rate after 3 and 6 months follow up was 100% in all methods of treatment.
In conclusion, we showed that smoking is the most important risk factor developing hepatocellular carcinoma in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic groups.