الفهرس 
Abstract
Chapter I: Formulation and evaluation of pluronic lecithin organogels containing tenoxicamOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tenoxicam (TX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), used in the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative disorders of the musculoskeletal system. It is widely prescribed for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, extra articular disorders, bursitis, tendonitis and non-articular rheumatic conditions. TX has some side effects when taken orally, e.g., epigastric pain, heartburn, peptic ulcer, hepatic impairment and gastrointestinal bleeding. These problems could be overcome by alternative routes of administration such as topical application of the drug in the form of ointment and cream. However, these kinds of topical dosage forms have many disadvantages; they are very sticky causing uneasiness to the patient when applied. They also have lesser spreading coefficients and need to apply with rubbing. In addition, they exhibit the problem of unstability. Therefore, the use of transparent gels has expanded both in cosmetics and in pharmaceutical preparations. Gel-based products may be categorized either as hydrogels or organogels depending on the polarity of the external liquid component. Water is the external liquid component of hydrogels while organogels were formulated using non-polar solvents such as hexane, isopropyl myristate, sunflower oil, corn oil or others. The use of organogels based products is increasing due to their easy method of preparation and inherent long-term stability.
On the other hand, topical ophthalmic NSAIDs are used to treat ocular surface and anterior segment inflammation as well as postoperative management of pain and inflammation. Currently, these drugs are used topically in the inhibition of intra-operative miosis, management of post-operative inflammation, treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, prevention and treatment of cystoid macular edema and in the control of pain after photo refractive keratectomy. NSAIDs have also been found to be useful in decreasing bacterial colonization of contact lenses and prevent bacterial adhesion to human corneal epithelial cells. TX’s unique chemical structure makes it both a potent anti-inflammatory drug and lipophilic molecule that penetrates ocular tissue, ensuring relief of pain in cataract and refractive surgery and corneal abrasion