الفهرس 
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Abstract
A total of 500 individual duck samples (250 samples from 100 apparently healthy ducks and 250 samples from 100 diseased ducks) were collected from commercial farms, different village and traditional slaughter houses of Ismailia. The clinical signs of diseased ducks such as respiratory distress, exhaustion ,depression, loss of appetite, emaciation, dullness, conjunctivitis ,diarrhea and high mortality as well as pneumonia, air saculitis and congestion of the liver with necrotic foci.
The samples were obtained from tracheal swabs and the internal organs (heart, lung, liver and spleen) of apparently healthy and diseased ducks for postmortem and bacteriological examinations to isolate different bacteria in ducks.
The bacteriological examinations of examined 500 samples revealed the isolation of Pasteurella multocida (10.4%), E. coli (3.6%), Staphylococcus negative coagulase test (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%) and Proteus vulgaris (0.8%) in apparently healthy ducks as well as Pasteurella multocida (25.2%), E. coli (22.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.8%), Staphylococcus negative Coagulase test (11.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%), Salmonella (2.8%) and Proteus vulgaris (10%) in diseased ducks.
Serological identification of 22 E. coli strains isolated from ducks revealed that 20 strains belong to 5 different servoars O1, O18, O111, O78 and O26, moreover 2 strains untypable.
The pathogenicity test of Pasteurella multocida strains were tested experimentally in 5 rabbits at 6 week old by inoculation of 0.5ml I/P of Pasteurella multocida broth culture, death of inoculated rabbits usually occur within 18-24 hours which showed generalized septicemic appearance.
The antimicrobial sensitivity test of the isolated field strain against commonly used antibiotics revealed its sensitivity to fluoroquinolone antibiotics (Enrofloxacin, Norofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin).
PCR protocol was used for amplification and detection of Kmt1gene of Pasteurella multocida as a confirm diagnosis of these strains.
PCR protocol was used for amplification and detection of X region of protein A (spa) gene of Staphylococcus aureus strains to confirm the virulence of these strains as the presence of protein A is an index of virulence.