الفهرس 
1-INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem, with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and premature death ,the kidney loss its function progressively over period of months or years through five stages.
This study aimed to evaluated the effect of some herbs on corrected the physiological disorders of kidney function in white male albino rats.
All herbs leaves dried and ground into fine powder by using electric grinder and Kept in dark stoppered glass bottles in a cool and dry location.
Thirty six white male albino rats weighting (140-160g) were divided into 6 groups (6 rats in each group) one of them was negative control group while the other groups were injected by garamycin for 7 days by 100 mg/kg/day.
All groups were fed for 28 days on experimental diet as follows.
group 1 (-ve): Fed on basal diet only, as negativecontrol.
group 2 (+ve): Fed on basal diet after treatment with gintamicin , as positive control (rats with impaired kidney).
group 3: Rats with impaired kidney, treatment with 5% khella (Ammi vinaga) leaves powder.
group 4: Rats with impaired kidney, treatment with 5% Alhagi maurorum (A. psеudoalhagi) leaves powder.
group 5: Rats with impaired kidney, treatment with 5% Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves powder.
group 6: Rats with impaired kidney, treatment with 5% mixture of all herbs leaves powder.
At the end of experiment (4 weeks), the blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting and serum was separated for determination of lipid profile cholesterol, triglycerides (T.G), high density lipoprotein (H.D.L-C), low density lipoprotein (L.D.L-C), very low density lipoprotein (V.L.D.L-C), urea, cretinine, uric acid,Total protein, Albumin Alb, glubulin Glu, ALP, AST, ALT and fasting serum glucose. Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and spleen were removed from each rat and weighted, then liver and kidneys were fixed in formalin solution 10% for hitopathological examinations.
Statistical analysis:
The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package Social Sciences) version, 14.0 .The result are presented as Mean SD. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the difference between groups. Comparison between means of groups were analyzed by L.S.D. test with significant level at 0.05%.
The obtained results can be summarized as following:
A) The Biological Results:
The Effect of experimental diets on BWG%,F.I, and F.E.R:
The mean value of BWG % of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, being 24.09 6.12 and 37.686±3.20 % respectively, showing significantly difference as compared to control (+) group with percent of increase +56.44% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 15.41±4.81 , 12.5±3.1 , 16.76±7.23 and 17.31±1.21% respectively. The percent of decrease were -36.03 , -48.11 , -30.43 and -28.14 for group 3 ,4 ,5 and 6 respectively.Rats fed on group 3 and, group 5 and 6 also showed non significant difference between them . Also, the best BWG % was recorded for the group 6(mixture of herbs powder) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of FI of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, which were 308.09±9.059gm per 28 days and 421.2±11.30 gm per 28 days respectively, percent increase being +32.92% of control (-) group compared to control (+).The value of the treated groups G3,G4,G5 and G6 were lower than that of control (+) being 296.83±4.01 , 201.1±8.99, 288.42±8.99 and 299.90±7.40 g/28day respectively .The percent decreased were -3.66 , -34.73 , -6.38 and 2.66% respectively. Nosignificant difference was observed among G1, G3 and G4. Also nosignificant between G2 and G5.The best FI%was recorded for the group 6 (mixture of herbs powder) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of FER of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, which were 0.078±0.013gm per 28 days and 0.089±0.0091gm per 28 days respectively, percent increase being +14.1% of control (-) group compared to control (+). The values of the treated groups G3,G4,G5 and G6 were lower than that of control (+) being 0.052±0.011 , 0.062±0.006 and 0.058±0.016 , 0.057±0.002 g/day respectively. The percent decreased were -33.33 , -20.51 , -25.64 and -26.92 % respectively. Non significant difference was observed among groups G3, G4, G5 and G6. The best FER was recorded for the groups G4 (Alhagi-maurorum group) when compared to control (-) group.
The effect on weight of internal organs:
The mean value of relative weight of liver (g) of control (+) was lower than control (-) group being 2.11±0.05 and 2.88±0.40(g) respectively, indicating significant difference with percent of change increase +36.49% of control (-) group as compared to control (+).Groups3,5,6 revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 2.90±0.06 , 2.87±0.28 and 3.11±0.20 (G) for group G3 ,G5 and G6 respectively. The percent of change were +37.44, +36.02 and +47.39% for group 3,5 and 6 respectively. group 4 revealed significant decrease in mean value as compared to control (+).The value was 2.01±0.32.The percent of change was -4.74%. The best liver was recorded for the group (5) when compared to control (-).
The mean value of relative weight of Heart (g) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, being 0.20±0.01 and 0.26±0.24 (g) respectively, indicating significantly difference with percent of change increase +30% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated group revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The value were 0.37 ± 0.04 , 0.22±0.03 , 0.25±0.022 and 0.21±0.02 (g) for group 3,4,5and 6 respectively .The percent of change were +85,+10,+25 and +5% respectively for group 3,4,5and 6. The best kidney weight was revealed for group 5(Rosemary powder group) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of relative weight of liver (g) of control (+)group was lower than control(-) group, being 0.37±0.03 and 0.45±0.040 (g) respectivaly , indicating significantly difference with percent of change increase +21.62% of co ntrol (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated group revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The value were 0.50±0.045 , 0.45±0.027 , 0.51±0.06 and 0.48±0.04 (g) for group 3,4,5 and 6respectivaly .The percent of change were+13,51 , +21.62 , +37.84 , +29.73% respectively .The best kidney weight was recorder for the group 4(Alhagi-maurorum powder group) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of relative weight of lung (g) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, being 0.36±0.011 and 0.44±0.026 (g) respectivaly , indicating significantly difference with percent of change increase +22.22% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). Groups 3,4,6 revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The value were 0.49±0.021 , 0.43±0.02 and 0.43±0.07 (g) for group 3,4and 6 respectivaly. The percent of change were +36.11 , +19.44 and +19.44 , % respectively. group 5 revealed significant decreased in mean value as compared to control (+).The value was 0.34 ±0.09.The percent of change was -5.56%. The best lung weight was revealed for group (4,6)when compared to control(-).
The mean value of relative weight of spleen (g) of control (+)group was lower than control (-) group, being 0.32±0.05 and 0.40±0.09 (g) respectively , indicating significantly difference with percent of change increase +25% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). Groups 4,5 revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control(+) group. The value were 0.40±0.10 and 0.35±0.04 (g) for group 4and 5 respectively .The percent of change were +25 and + 9.375 % respectively. Groups 3 and 6 revealed significant decreased in mean value as compared to control (+).The value was 0.24 ±0.028 and 0.29±0.09 (g) for group 3and 6.The percent of change were -25 and -9.375%.The best spleen weight was revealed for group 4 (Alhagi-maurorum powder group)when compared to control (-).
B) Biochemical result:
The effect on serum lipids:
The mean value of T.C of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 178.87±2.15 and 96.2±8.44 mg/dl respectively , showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -46.22% of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 102.27±8.53 , 106.45±9.33 , 95.48±9.94 and 102.45±8.62 mg/dl respectively. The percent of change were -42.82 ,-40,49,-46.62 and -42 .72% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The better serum total cholesterol was showed for the group 5 (Rosemary powder) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of serum triglyceride of control (+) was higher than control (-) group, being 163.5±3.34 mg\dl and 97.06±8.43 mg/dl respectively, indicating significant different with percent of change decrease -40,64% of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated groups revealed significant decreas in mean values as compared to control (+) group.The values were134.92±7.53 , 149.52±5.41 , 91.88±5.23 and 135.12±5.32 mg/dl for G3,G4,G5and G6 respectively.The percent of chang were -17.48 , -8.55 , -43.80 and -17.36 for group G3,G4,G5and G6. The better serum Triglyceride was showed for the group 5 (Rosemary powder) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of HDL of control (+) was lower than control (-) group being 32.75±2.79 and 51.75±2.78 mg/dl respectively, indicating significant difference with percent of change increase +58.02% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated groups revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 36.87±3.93 , 33.88±3.65 , 43.87±3.66 and 35.72±4.05 mg/dl for group G3,G4,G5 and G6 respectively.The percent of change were +12.51 , +3.45 , +33.99 and +9.07% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively.The best serum high density lipoprotein was showed for group 5 (Rosemary powder group) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of serum low density lipoprotein of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 91.25±15.04 and 40.46±4.46 mg/dl respectivaly, indicating significantly difference with percent of change decrease -55.11% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated group revealed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The value were 64.34±6.15 , 63.48±23.96 , 65.42±5.99 and 58.56±14.55 mg/dl for group 3,4,5 and 6respectivaly .The percent of change were -29.49 , -30.43 , -28.31 and -35.82 % respectively. The best serum low density lipoprotein was showed for group 6 (mixture of herbs powder group) when compared to control (-) group.
The mean value of serum very low density lipoprotein of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 32.51±2.82 and 19.31±1.72 %mg/dl respectively, indicating significant different with percent of change decrease -40.6% of control (-) group as compared to control (+)group. All treared groups revealed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group.The values were15.04±1.38 , 11.94±1.09 , 12.34±1.07 and 12.83±1.14 mg/dl for G3 ,G4,G5 and G6 respectivaly . The percent of change were -53.74 , -63.27 , -62.42 , -60.54% for groups 3,4,5 and 6 respectivaly. Rats fed on group 3 (khella powder recorded the best serum very low density lipoprotein.
The effect on Kidney functions:
As for urea,the mean value of Serum urea of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 47.04±3.06 and 24.78±2.21 mg/dl respectively , showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -47.32 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 25.62±2.43 , 17.37±1.74 , 25.87±2.21 and 16.55±2.14 mg/dl respectively. The percent of change were -45.54 ,-63.07,-45.004 and -64.82% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The best treatment was recorded for group 3(Khella powder group) when compared to control (-).
As for creatinine, The mean value of serum creatinine of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 1.64±0.14 and 0.55±0.06 mg/dl respectively , showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -66.46% of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 0.83±0.07, 0.49±0.04 , 0.78±0.06 and 0.62±0.056 mg/dl respectively. The percent of change were -49.39 ,-70.12,-52.44 and -62.195% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The best treatment was recorded for group 6(mixture of herbs powder group) when compared to control (-).
As for uric acid, the mean value of Serum uric acid of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 8.03±0.66 and 2.82±0.248 mg/dl respectively , showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -64.882 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 3.02±0.26 , 3.66±0.49 , 3.23±0.31 and 2.46±0.25 mg/dl respectively. The percent of change were -62.39, -54.421, -59.776 and -69.36% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The best treated was recorded for group 6(mixture of herbs powder) group when compared to control (-).
The effect on liver functions:
As for (GOT), The mean value of GOT (AST) (U|L) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 50.02±4.58 and 26.92±2.30 (U|L) respectively , showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -46.18 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 40.12±3.29 , 34.18±2.97 , 37.45±3.28 and 30.43±2.70 (U|L) respectively. The percent of change were -19.79, -31.67, -25.13 and -39.1% for group 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. The best treatment group was recorded for group 6 (mixture of herbs powder) when compared to control (- As for GPT, the mean value of GPT (U|L) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 52.46±4.45 and 34.12±3.99 (U|L) respectively, showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -34.96 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 41.88±3.74 , 25.71±2.14 , 37.31±3.05 and 35.1±2.99 (U|L) respectively. The percent of change were -20.17 , -50.99, -28.88 and -33.092% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The best treated group was recorded for group 6 (mixture of herbs powder) when compared to control (-).
As for ALP, The mean value of ALP (U|L) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 142.37±12.65 and 80.25±6.69 (U|L) respectively , showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -77.41 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 67.88±5.93 , 63.11±6.09 , 68.57±5.91 and 99.75±8.15 (U|L) respectively. The percent of change were -52.32 , -55.672, -51.84 and -29.94% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The best treatment group was recorded for group 5(Khella powder) when compared to control (-).
The effect on serum glucose
The mean value of serum glucose (m|dl) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 207.75±9.57 and 94.57±8.72 (mg|dl) respectively, showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -54.479 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 116.11±10.12 , 103.32±10.21 , 113.62±9.63 and 102.66±9.41 (mg|dl) respectively. The percent of change were -44.11, -50.27, -45.31 and -50.585% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The better serum glucose was observed for group 6 ( mixture of herbs powder group) when compared to control (-).
The effect on total protein (g/dl) :
The mean value of Total protein (g/dl) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, being 8.93±0.77 and 6.69±0.60 (g/dl) respectively, showing significant difference with percent of change decrease -25.084 % of control (-) group as compared to control (+) group. All treated group showed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 6.73±0.55 , 6.63±0.61 , 6.72±0.61 and 6.72±0.61 (g/dl) respectively. The percent of change were -24.64 , -25.756, -24.75 and -24.75% for group 3,4,5 and 6 respectively. The best treatment was observed for group 4 (Alhagi-maurorum powder ) group when compared to control (-).
The effect on albumin:
The mean value of Alb (g/dl) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, being 2.43±0.63 and 3.15±0.28 (g/dl) respectively , indicating significantly difference with percent of change increase +29.63% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated groups revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The value were 3.80±0.32, 3.76±0.33, 3.77±0.35 and 3.68±0.30 (g/dl) for group 3,4,5and 6 respectively .The percent of change were +56.38 , +54.733 , +55.144 and + 51.44 % respectively. The best treatment was observed for group 6 (mixture of herbs powder) group when compared to control (-).
The effect on glubulin:
The mean value of GLU (g/dl) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, being 2.71±0.23 and 3.25±0.33 (g/dl) respectively , indicating significantly difference with percent of change increase +19.93% of control (-) group as compared to control (+). All treated groups revealed significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The value were 2.76±0.27 , 2.95±0.24 , 2.9±0.25 and 3.23±0.25 (g/dl) for group 3,4,5and 6 respectively.The percent of change were +1.85 , +8.85 , +7.011 and + 19.188 % respectively. The best treated group was recorded for group 6(mixture of herbs powder group) when compared to control (-).
C) Histopathological results:
Histopathological results for kidney and liver shown in the following photos.
Kidney:
Microscopically, Kidneys of rats from group (1) showing the normal histological structure of renal parenchyma (Photo 1) . Meanwhile, some examined sections from group (2) showed focal necrosis of renal tubules associated with inflammatory cells infiltration as well as cystic dilatation of renal tubules (Photo 2). Another sections showed focal necrosis of renal tubules associated with inflammatory cells infiltration as well as necrobiosis of epithelial lining renal tubules (Photo 3). Kidney of rat from group (3) showing no histopathological changes (Photo 4).Whereas, some sections from group (4) showing no histopathological changes (Photo 5). Kidney of rat from group (5) showing slight vacuolation of renal tubular epithelium and endothelial lining renal tubules (Photo 6).While Kidney of rat from group (6 ) showing no histopathological changes (Photo 7).
Liver:
Microscopically, liver of rat from group (1) showing the normal histopathological structure of hepatic lobule (Photo8). Meanwhile, Liver of rat from group (2) showing sinusoidal leucocytosis (Photo 9). Another sections showed Kupffer cells activation and focal hepatic necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration (Photo 10). Liver of rat from group (3) showing no histopathological changes (Photo 11). Liver of rat from group 4 showing no histopathological changes (Photo 12).While, Liver of rat from group 5showing slight Kupffer cells activation (Photo 13), another sowing binucleation of hepatocytes (Photo 14). Liver of rat from group (6) showing no histopathological changes (Photo 15).