الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycemia, which brings about its complications. Diabetes affects all processes of the digestive system especially the motility and the enteric nervous control. These complications affect about 75 % of long standing diabetics worldwide. In this study, we evaluate the effect of ginger as a protective and treatable substance on the digestive tube smooth muscle and enteric nervous system in diabetic rats. Material and Methods:
One hundred and sixty five (165) rats were randomly divided into five groups:
group I (Control group): Consisted of 60 rats and they were served as control group for all experimental groups, they were subdivided into subgroup IA (positive control) and IB (sham control). 15 rats were scarified at 8th weeks and the other rats at 16th weeks after the induction of DM.
group II (Ginger group): Consisted of 30 rats. Each rat received ginger (500mg/kg/day) dissolved in 2 ml distilled water. 15 rats were scarified at 8th weeks and the other rats at 16th weeks after the induction of DM.
group III (Diabetic group): Consisted of 30 rats. DM was induced by a single dose of STZ by intra-peritoneal injection. 15 rats were scarified at 8th weeks and the other rats at 16th weeks after the induction of DM.
Summary & Conclusion
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group IV (Protected group): Consisted of 30 rats. After diabetes confirmation test, the rats received ginger extract (500 mg/kg/day). 15 rats were scarified at 8th weeks and the other rats at 16th weeks after the induction of DM.
group V (Treated group): Consisted of 15 rats. After 8 weeks of induction of diabetes, the rats received ginger extract (500 mg/kg/day). 15 rats were scarified at 16th weeks after the induction of DM.
All through the experiment, the animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment then regular observation for animal physical activity was done. At the time of scarification, blood samples were taken for estimation of final blood glucose levels.
After scarification, the abdomen was opened; the stomach and the small intestine specimens were excised. Halves of the specimens were homogenized for antioxidant enzymes detection and the other halves were fixed in 10% formalin for further histological studies:
For light microscopic examination: Paraffin blocks were prepared and 3-5 μm of fundus and jejunal sections were cut and subjected to H&E for routine histological examination, Masson Trichome stain for detection of collagen fiber deposition, PAS stains for detection of glycogen in addition to C-kit and NSE immunohistochemistry markers were used for detection of ICCs and the neurons of neuronal plexus respectively.
Also, the contents of the stomach of six rats were collected for functional study to determine the gastric emptying rate. The small intestines of six rats were collected and their lengths were measured to detect the small intestinal transit rate.
Results:
Both control and ginger groups showed normal physical activity, normal food intake, significant weight gaining all over the study, normal blood glucose level and normal level and activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Diabetes group showed marked decrease in physical activity, lethargy, marked decrease in food intake, a highly significant decrease in their final body weight, a highly significant elevation in blood glucose level and a highly significant increase in oxidant enzymes when compared to the control group. Recorded death rate was 20%.
Protected group showed nearly normal physical activity, average food intake, a non-significant difference between their final body weight and their initial one and a non-significant elevation in both blood glucose level or oxidant enzymes when compared to the control group.
Treated group showed decreases in their physical activity, decreased food intake, a highly significant decrease in their final body weight, a highly significant elevation in blood glucose level and a highly significant elevation of oxidant enzymes when compared to the control group. Recorded death rate was 13%.
According to the functional results, control and ginger groups showed normal gastric emptying rate and normal small intestinal motility rate. The diabetic group showed highly significant delay in both mentioned measures when compared with control group. However, protected group showed nearly normal gastric emptying rate and small intestinal motility rate when compared with control group. Treated groups showed also progressive delay in the rates of gastric emptying and small intestinal transit.
By light microscopic examination of the fundus sections shows that the control and ginger groups were indistinguishable from each other and showed normal stomach architecture. The fundus region consisted of four arranged layers: mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis externa and serosa which appear normal and intact with normal appearance of muscularis externa and neuronal plexus. But this architecture was disturbed in diabetic group and accompanied with infiltration of inflammatory cells, congested blood vessels, degeneration of the mucosa, and obliteration of sub-mucosa and may be infiltrated with mucosal cells, thinning of the muscularis propria and loss of its normal formation or architecture and sub-serosa congestion was also noticed.
Diabetic group also showed a significant increase in the percentage of collagen fiber deposition, a significant decrease in the deposition of glycogen and also a significant decrease in the number of ICC and neuronal plexus which lies in sub-mucosa and muscularis externa. However, the protected group showed impressive regenerative changes. The Treated group showed marked deterioration of the stomach tissue with no improvement.
Examination of the jejunum sections revealed that the control and ginger groups were indistinguishable from each other and showed that all layers of jejunum appear intact and normal. Diabetic rat showed loss of the normal jejunum architecture with marked distortion in the configuration of the villi. Scattered degeneration in mucosa also noticed. Obliterated sub mucosa with decrease in Meisner’s plexuses. Muscle layers appear thin and degenerated. Aurbach’s plexuses appear few and degenerated. Serosa may be normal.
Ginger-protected rat showing that mucosa appears with normal villi. The sub-mucosal is normal with no congestion or separation.
Muscle layers showed some separated fibers. Both Meisner’s plexus and Aurbach’s plexus appear moderate in size with few normal cells. However, treated group showed marked mucosal degeneration and muscle thinning with marked affection to Meisner’s plexus and Aurbach’s plexus.
Diabetic group showed also significant increase in the collagen fibers deposition, significant decrease in the deposition of glycogen and also significant decrease in the number of ICC and neuronal plexus. The Protected group showed impressive regenerative changes. The Treated group showed marked deterioration.