الفهرس 
IntrodeuctionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 168 |  |  |
| | | from | 168 | | |
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a subtype of stroke that account for 85% of stroke cases. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by inadequate blood supply to meet brain tissue metabolic demands leading to tissue hypoxia and neuronal cell death.
Although, restoration of blood to the ischemic brain is vital in preventing incessant damage, this reperfusion can cause further damage. Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is caused by many processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Among these mechanisms the inflammatory response is a critical factor.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or inability to utilize or both, that leads to chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in most metabolic processes inside the human body.Chronic hyperglycemia causes several structural, neurochemical, and neurodegenerative changes in different regions of the brain including frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Diabetes is considered a risk factor for ischemic stroke.
Chronic hyperglycemia induces macrophages activation and endogenous production of inflammatory cytokines. The most important cytokine is TNF-α which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and I/R injury.