الفهرس 
General liver anatomy and physiology
Treatments of liver fibrosisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is common disease spreading all over the world. It is defined as injury to the liver that is associated with impaired liver function caused by exposure to a drug or other chemical agents, such as those used in laboratories, industries and natural chemicals. It may represented by inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis according to the duration of exposure to the causative agents ranging from days to several months.The most common hepatotoxic model is carbon tetrachloride which gives the same hepatic changes in animal as in human. CCl4 is used as dry cleaning fluid, fabric spotting fluid, fire extinguisher fluid, grain fumigant and reaction medium. CCl4 is used as a model drug for the study of hepatotoxicity in acute and chronic liver failure. Cytochrome P450 enzymes used in turning CCl4 to trichloromethyl radical (CCl3). This radical binds to cellular molecules damaging cellular progression and reacts with oxygen to form trichloromethyl peroxy radical (CCl3OO), this highly reactive metabolites of CCl4 cause hepatic injury in CCl4 model.Silymarin is natural in origin from flavonoids. It is used in hepatotoxic patients as it has different properities makes it hepatoprotective. It has antioxidant properity so used to decrease lipid peroxidation and decrease reactive oxygen species, anti-inflammatory proprietiy and ability to regulate membrane permeability and to increase membrane stability in the presence of xenobiotics damage.Currently, liver transplantation is the treatment of choice and the only definitive therapeutic option for chronic liver failure because of fibrosis. However, its clinical application is limited due to poor long-term graft survival, donor shortage, surgery related complications, immunological Albanis, E. and Friedman, S. L. (2006) ‘Antifibrotic agents for liver disease.’, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 6(1), pp. 12–9.