الفهرس 
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Abstract
FMDV is a world wide viral contagious disease of animals with a major economic impact concerning the production loss and constrains of international trade. The virus occurs with 7 immunologically different types as immunity against one type did not confer protection against other types. In Egypt, FMD is endemic with three types (O, A and SAT-2) and many outbreaks had occurred in different governorates and the viral activity remain resistant to control efforts.Many challenges facing eradication strategy of FMD in Egypt, the most important is the short term immunity induced by inactivated vaccine. Production of high and long term FMD immune response need adjuvant to enhance FMD antibody response. Levimisole is antithelmentic agent commonly and regularly used in controlling of parasites and showed to enhance the vaccinal immunity to bacterial and viral vaccines in human and animals. The aim of this study was directed to ascertain whether post vaccination antibodies against FMD could be enhanced by administration of levamisole.
To achieve the goal of this work, twenty four buffaloes were used. The animals were divided into four groups, six animals each, G1 non vaccinated and non adjuvanted control group (-ve control) and G 2 is vaccine control group (+ve control). G3 is a simultaneous vaccinated and levamisole stimulated this groupt was subdivided into 2 subgroup, subgroup A3 receive simultaneous sensitizing dose of vaccine and levamisole at 0 day and boosterd at 15 days later and subgroup B3 injected with sensitizing dose of FMD vaccine and levamisole dose at the same time (0 day). G4 is vaccinated animals 7 days after levamisole injection and that was subdivided into 2 subgroups A4 and B4 with the same schedule of group 3. The animal groups were separated in different premises and fed on a green fodder and concentrate ration and maintained under standard husbandry conditions and strict enforcing ethical considerations. FMD vaccine was injected in a dose of 2ml/animal subcutaneously in the neck region as sensitizing dose at 0 day and booster dose at 15 days after the first dose. Levamisole was injected simultaneously with FMD vaccine (G3A and G3B) or injected 7 days before vaccination (G4A and G4B). Levamisole dose used in buffaloes is 2 ml /50 kg body weight injected subcutaneous in the neck region. Blood samples were collected weekly for 16 weeks post vaccination in sterile tubes, each sample divided into 2 parts, the first part kept in tubes containing EDTA(1mg / ml fresh blood) for examination of hemoglobin %, RBCs, platelets, total and differential leucocytic count. The second part of blood was collected in sterile tubes without anticoagulant and kept in slope position for separation of serum to evaluate FMD humeral immune response in vaccinated and/or adjuvanted animals by ELISA. Examination of whole blood for haemoglobin % and RBCs count in levamisole treated and non treated buffaloes revealed a little difference in haemoglobin concentration and RBCs count between levamisole treated and non treated animals. No significant differences in haemoglobin concentrations and RBCs count between different groups. The mean haemoglobin concentration and RBCs count remain relatively constant throughout the period of the experiment. The platelets count of group 4A were found within the reference limits, however group 2, group 3B and group 4B were found increased above the reference limits and group 3A were decreased below the reference limits. Generally, there was no statistically significant difference of platelets count between all groups. Total WBC count of all animal groups begins to increase above the reference limits in the first week post vaccination and/ or levamisole treatment then dropped the next week in group 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B but was still high in group 2. The mean total WBC counts was statistically significant in group 2 from the fourth week post vaccination when compared to other groups. Mean total WBC counts were not statistically significant between groups 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B throughout the experimental period. In general there was a leukocytosis in group 2 when compared to values of group 3A, 3B, 4B, 4A and reference values. The absolute lymphocyte count 4 weeks post vaccination and/or levamisole treatment were 8.57, 6.10, 2.47, 5.43 and 2.44 (x103/ul) in groups 2, 3A, 3B, 4A, and 4B respectively. The mean absolute lymphocyte count in group 2 was higher than values of group 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B. No significant differences in absolute lymphocyte counts between group 4B, 3B, 3A and 3B. There was generally a lymphocytosis in group 2 and lymphocytopnea in group 3B and 4B from the fourth week post vaccination up to the end of the experimental period. The absolute monocyte counts in FMD vaccinated and/or levamisole treated buffaloes were 1.18, 1.00, 0.59, 0.37 and 0.72 (x103/ul) on 4th weak post vaccination in groups 2, 3A, 3B, 4A and 4B respectively. The values of absolute monocyte count were within the reference limits (0- 0.8 x 103/ul). Mild monocytosis was found in in group 2 and group 3A.There was no statistically significant difference between the absolute neutrophil counts of all groups. The absolute neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil counts of levamisole treated and non treated buffaloes were within the reference limits.There was no statistically significant difference between levamisole treated and non treated groups. FMD antibody response was measured by ELISA test, the obtained data showed that levamisole simultaneously injected with FMD vaccine can enhance the FMD antibody response either when the animals administered only one sensitizing vaccine dose (G3B) or administered sensitizing dose and boostered with another dose 15 days later(G3A). Animal group vaccinated with FMD sensitizing dose and boostered shown higher increase in ELISA titer than group administered only FMD sensitizing dose when compared to either +ve control (vaccinated group without adjuvant) and –ve control (non vaccinated non adjuvanted). Simultaneous levamisole treated buffaloes and vaccinate with one dose of FMD vaccine showed high antibody titer for the three FMD types. ELISA antibody titer of serotype O,A and SAT-2 behaves the same increasing pattern during the period of experiment. FMD type O ELISA titer was begin high (79.24) in the first week post treatment compared to +ve control vaccinated group (G2), then progressivly increased in the next 8 weeks reached up 85.57 then decreased in the next 8 weeks. A significant rise in ELISA titer were shown when serum examined for serotype A and SAT-2. A progressive rise in antibody titre until week 4, reaching a peak value of 95.55 (serotype A) and 96.41 (serotype SAT-2).
Regarding to simultaneous levamisole treated buffaloes and vaccinate with double dose of FMD vaccine, ELISA antibody titer of serotype O was begin high (89.16) in the first week post treatment compared to +ve control vaccinated group (G2), then progressivly increased in the next 8 weeks reached up 94.16 then decreased in the next 8 weeks. A significant rise in ELISA titer were shown when serum examined for serotype A and SAT-2 throughout the experimental period. Levamisole-treated animals showed a progressive rise in antibody titre, reaching a peak value of 96.55 (serotype A) and 95.8 (serotype SAT-2). Animal group injected with levamisole 7 days before vaccination with double dose of FMD vaccine showed a higher increase in ELISA titer than group administered only sensitizing dose when compared to either +ve control (vaccinated group without adjuvant) and –ve control (non vaccinated, non adjuvanted). When buffaloes vaccinated with one dose of FMD vaccine and treated with levamisole 7 days before, ELISA titer for O type was begin high (73.08) in the first week post treatment compared to +ve control, then progressivly increased in the next 2 weeks reached up 87.61 then decreased in the next 14 weeks. Also significant rise in ELISA titer were shown when serum examined for serotype A and SAT-2 throughout the experimental period. Levamisole-treated animals showed a progressive rise in antibody titre until week 3, reaching a peak value of
96.24 (serotype A) and 92.65 (serotype SAT-2). When buffaloes vaccinated with double dose of FMD vaccine and treated with levamisole 7 days before vaccination, ELISA titer for O type begin high (70.68) in the first week post treatment compared to +ve control, then progressivly increased in the next 3 weeks reached up 74.44 then decreased in the next 13 weeks. A significant rise in ELISA titer were shown when serum examined for serotype A and SAT-2 throughout the experimental period showed a progressive rise in antibody titre reaching a peak value of 95.37 (serotype A) and 88.65 (serotype SAT-2).