الفهرس 
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Abstract
Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and trunk, which may deteriorate quickly during periods of rapid growth .The majority of the patients with scoliosis (80%–90%) are ‘idiopathic’ because an underlying cause has not been determined. (1) Idiopathic scoliosis that develops in an adolescent over the age of 10 is called adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This is the most common form of scoliosis. (2)
According to the Scoliosis Research Society(SRS), the prevalence of AIS is 2%to 3% in the general population, almost 10% of whom require some form of treatment and up to 0.1% of whom will require surgery. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is more commonly found in females, with female: male ratio is around 7:1. (3) The current consensus on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) maintains that it has a multifactorial etiology with genetic predisposing factors. Numerous theories continue to span a broad range of possibilities in the etiopathogenesis of AIS. To date, the literature has focused on genetic links, metabolic and hormonal disturbances, growth asymmetry, central nervous system alterations, and mechanical and connective tissue abnormalities.
Classification can help to categorize idiopathic scoliosis for easier communication, prognosticate the disease and guide the treatment strategy. It has evolved over the past six decades from coronal curve pattern recognition by Ponseti and King, to Lenke’s classification with inclusion of flexibility and sagittal mal-alignment, to the PUMC classification with further inclusion of axial rotation. Recently, more
Summary & Conclusion
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detailed assessment of the rotational deformity enabled further sub-classification of the 3-D deformity which brings relevance to the three-dimensional correction in scoliosis management. (53) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is primarily a diagnosis of exclusion. The history and physical examination are intended to exclude secondary causes for the spinal deformity. The patient should be asked about a family history of scoliosis, menstrual onset, and the presence of pain and neurologic changes, including bowel and bladder dysfunction. The presence of severe pain or neurologic symptoms would be atypical for idiopathic scoliosis.