الفهرس 
Central NeuraxialAnaesthesiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intrathecal and epidural opioids are widely used as useful adjuncts in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, and a number of non-opioid drugs also show promise as analgesic drugs with spinal and epidural selectivity. In this review we examine the historical development and current use of intrathecal / epidural opioids and other drugs that show promise for treating pain in the perioperative period. The pharmacology and clinical use of morphine and other opioids is reviewed in detail, including dosing guidelines for specific surgical procedures and the incidence and treatment of side effects associated with these drugs. Available data on the use of non-opioid drugs that have been tested intrathecally/epidurally for use as analgesics are also reviewed. Evidence-based guidelines for dosing of these various adjuvant drugs for specific surgical procedures and for the treatment of the most common side effects associated with these drugs are presented.