الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 70 |  |  |
| | | from | 70 | | |
Abstract
Industrial wastewater treatment processes cover the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities, prior to its release into the environment or its reuse. The oil, gas, pharmaceutical and chemical industries produce some contaminants in wastewater that should be removed by physical, chemical and/or biological means. Physical methods are employed to separate, reduce, or concentrate the waste. The most common processes today are sedimentation, filtration, flocculation, adsorption, distillation, and solvent evaporation. These treatment methods are used for phase or component separation purposes. To reduce or concentrate the waste volume, phase separation should be carried out for sludge, slurries, and emulsions. Separation of waste components containing large particles, filtration, centrifugation, or flotation may be used. Flocculation is carried out for colloidal systems. Removal of volatiles can be carried out by distillation or evaporation. There are numerous chemical processes for the treatment of wastes that are used in conjunction with other methods. These methods include coagulation, precipitation, flocculation, electrolysis, ion exchange, neutralization, disinfection, chlorination, oxidation, and reduction. Biological processes involve chemical reactions carried out by microorganisms. The microorganisms absorb a compound inside their cell body, decompose it with the help of enzymes, or excrete enzymes to bring it outside the cell for decomposition. The most common use of the biological process in waste treatment is the decomposition of organic compounds. These microorganisms decompose both organic and inorganic compounds. Different biological processes used for the treatment of wastes are activated sludge, aerated lagoons, anaerobic digestion, composting enzyme treatment, trickling filter, and waste stabilization ponds. Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and air stripping can also be used for separating waste components, especially for wastewater treatment. These processes are known to be reliable and environmentally friendly. Chemical additives are usually not needed and the operational expenses are relatively low. So this report involves comprehensive description for the characteristic of the industrial wastewater and their treatment by the different methods. The last chapter of the report provides the treatment of the pharmaceutical wastewater as example for the industrial waste water treatment.