الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Psychological stress
has become associated with human lifeas a result of the rapid nature of life which can bebiological, chemical microbial,psychological, developmental,soci-cultural or environmental.
Although lawsbansmoking under 1,smoking habits are usually formed in adolescence. More than 80% of adult smokers begin smoking before 18.
For this and other reasons, this age group is frequently the focus of smoking research.
The aim of the study was to:Evaluate
the relationship between psyc hosocial stress, smoking and academic performance among university students.
Setting:This study was conducted at
Faculty of Commerce, Faculty of Arts
,Faculty of Computer and Information
and Faculty of Scienceat Menoufia University.Sample: Aconvenience
sample consistingof 479 students who
were in the above mentioned settings fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Design:
A descriptive co-relational desig was utilized to achieve the aim of this study.The following instruments were
used to complete the aimof the study:
Tool (1):-
Structured interview questionnaire:
The structured interview questionnaire was developed by the
researcher based on scientific review of literature,under guidance of
supervisors,and revised by five pro
fessors in psychiatric nursing and
medicine. It was divided into three parts:-
First part(1):
This part includes items to assess sociodemographiccharacteristics of the students such asage, gender,
residence and income,etc.
Second part (2) :
This part includes questions to assess
smoking habit of the studied students. It includes smoking history such as (age
of smoking initiation, duration of smoking,number of daily smoked cigarettes,and motivators for smoking), as well as causes of smoking as perceived by the studied
students.Third Part (3):
This part includes questions
to assess students
academic score levels
in the previous academic year.
Tool (2):-
Psychosocial stress scale:
This tool
was originally developed by (Dawood, 1995)It was an Arabic
scale to assess psychosocial stress. It consisted of60 items.
Responses were on a 3-
point rating scale ranging from 1 (have no problem) to 3 (suffering a lot from the problem). Scores
less than 90 referto no stress, score
s ranging from 90 to 120 referto mild stres,scores ranging from 121 to 150 referto moderatestress,scores
ranging from 151 to 180 referto severestress
.