الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to show the effect of Spirulina and Enteromorpha extracts on different biochemical parameters in fructose induced diabetic rats. To achieve this work we use adult male albino rats (150-180 gm) were used. These animals were brought from animal house of Research institute, Egypt. The animals were divided into six groups as follow:
* group 1 (Normal control group): received the vehicle only.
* group 2 (Normal treated with Spirulina extract 50 mg/kg b.wt): received spirulina extract at dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight, dissolved in CMC.
* Group3 (Normal treated with Enteromorpha extract 50 mg/kg b.wt.): received Enteromorpha at dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight, dissolved in CMC as a vehicle.
* group 4 (Diabetic control): received 30% fructose dissolved in tab water and received the vehicle.
* group 5 (Diabetic treated with Spirulina extract 50 mg/kg b.wt.): received spirulina at dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight, for 4 weeks.
* group 6 (Diabetic treated with Enteromorpha 50 mg/kg b.wt): received Enteromorpha at dose level of 50mg/kg body weight dissolved in CMC as a vehicle for 4weeks.
At the end of the forth week of treatment blood samples, liver, kidney and heart were taken for quantitative determination of the following parameters:
(1) Determination of OGTT.
(2) Determination of serum insulin level.
(3) Determination of serum adipocytokines (Adiponectine and TNF-α).
(4) Determination of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT).
(5) Determination of kidney functions (urea and createnine).
(6) Determination of heart enzymes (CK-MB and LDH).
(7) Determination of lipid profile (cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol
(8) Cardiovascular index 1 (Total cholesterol \ HDL-cholesterol) and Cardiovascular indexes 2 (LDL-cholesterol \ HDL-cholesterol).
(9) Determination of Oxidative stress and antioxidants (reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase) in liver, kidney and heart.
Our results showed the following:
(1) Oral glucose curve was elevated markedly and the treatment with either of the materials of interest caused improvement of impaired glucose tolerance.
(2) Using the materials of treatment (Spirulina and Enteromorpha extracts) caused a marked decrease in insulin level.
(3)Treatment with the extracts produced marked decrease in adiponectine and TNF-α.
(4) Regarding the activities of liver enzymes serum AST, ALT and GGT showed noticeable increase in fructose induced diabetic rats but after the use of the treatment the activities of the enzymes decreased markedly in the serum.
(5) There was a marked increase in urea and creatinine in fructose induced diabetic rats. After administration of Spirulina and Enteromorpha extracts, the concentration of createnine in serum decreased significantly but there was no effect on urea level in serum.
(6) There was detectable increase in the heart enzymes both creatine kinase-MB and LDH in fructose induced diabetic rats. After the treatment of the animals with the materials of interest a great decrease occurred showing a significant improvement in the functions of the heart and decreasing the complications of diabetes related to the heart.
(7) In fructose induced diabetic animals we notice a marked increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol levels in the serum while HDL-cholesterol level decreased. Using the two extracts in the treatment in specific daily dose caused a potential significant improvement in the altered lipid profile.
(8) There was a significant decrease in both cardiovascular index 1 and cardiovascular index 2 due to the improvement in the lipid profile showing the hypoglycemic effect of the Spirulina and Enteromorpha extracts.
(9) Both Spirulina and Enteromorpha extracts has a great effect in decreasing the increased oxidative stress (GSH, Gpx and SOD) and increasing lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney and heart of fructose induced diabetic rats.
In conclusion, Spirulina and Enteromorpha extracts administration could be used as hypoglycemic agent, hypolipidemic agent. They also could be used in decreasing liver enzymes, urea, createnine, heart enzymes and oxidative stress in fructose induced diabetic animals especially when used for a long time of treatment. However, further clinical studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of these algae extracts in diabetic human.