الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 236 |  |  |
| | | from | 236 | | |
Abstract
field study was carried out in three governorates; Cairo, Giza and Qaluobyia during four successive seasons from winter to autumn during 2014, where parasitic pollution were identified in water, plants, animal and farmer fecal samples. Also, presence of intermediate hosts of Schistosoma and Fasciola in tested water bodies were studied. However, anti-parasitic activity of CuO, Ag and ZnO nanoparticles against three of most environmental endemic parasites in Egypt was investigated.
Results of surveyed water samples showed that eight parasites were distinguished in collected water samples. Moreover, the most prevalent parasites were Entamoeba coli, Cryptosporidium sp., nematode larva, Entamoeba histolytica, where they recorded 28.2%, 20.0%, 19.5% and 15.4% of examined water samples, respectively, while occurrences of Giardia lamblia cyst, Schistosoma haematobium eggs, Ascaris sp. eggs and Isospora sp. were 9.2%, 5.6%, 1.5% and 0.5%, respectively. The presence of these parasites in irrigation water led to contamination of cultivated vegetables and plants that become a source of human and animal infection.
Cairo and Giza governorates recorded the highest percent of parasites prevalence on collected plants than Qaluobyia, 60% of collected plants were contaminated by E. coli, E. histolytica and G. lamblia.
Entamoeba coli, E. histolytica and G. lamblia also recorded the highest percent in examined fecal samples. Moreover, field survey showed that Lymnaea natalysis, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, were the most prevalent snails in surveyed governorates. The percentage of infected
viii
Biomphalaria alexandrina, Bulinus truncatus and Lymnaea natalysis snails were 6.96, 4.31 and 3.94%, respectively.
Copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have anti-parasitic activity against E. histolytica and G. lamblia cysts by LC50-3h concentrations 0.13 and 0.26 mg/l, respectively. However, Ag NPs were most effective against Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts with LC50-3h 0.54 mg/l.
Toxicity test of used nanoparticles against Daphnia sp. reported that LC50-3h concentrations of CuO and Ag NPs were less toxic than those of ZnO NPs. Accordingly, NPs could be suggested as a new nanoform agent for water treatment and as a new drug against parasites.