الفهرس 
CHAPTER (1): INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
Mariout Lake is one of the most impacted water bodies in the Nile Delta. Mariout Lake has continually undergone extensive alteration as a result of anthropogenic activities, thus threatening environmental equilibrium in Alexandria.
Multi-dates satellite images have been used in this study to detect the trends of environmental changes in Mariout Lake, particularly for the main two lake ecosystems; water, and aquatic vegetation during the past four decades from 1972 to 2016. A combination of LandSat-1(MSS), LandSat-5 (TM), LandSat-7 (ETM+), SPOT-1, SPOT-4, SPOT-5, RapidEye, and Sentinel-2 Satellite data was used to analyze temporal changes in the Lake ecosystem.
This study explores the applications of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the collection of information and analysis of data. Radiometric, atmospheric, and geometric corrections were employed for processing satellite images, calculating boundary area (total, water, and aquatic vegetation) for each basin of the study area, and applying some indices as NDWI, CWQI, and deriving regression models using tools of Arc GIS. The analysis revealed a high percentage of plants and decreasing water in the study area. The regression modeling showed an extremely high integration between satellite image and field data to extract Water Quality Parameters (WQP) using the following software:
• Image Processing Programs as ENVI (5.1), ERDAS IMAGINE (2013), and ARCGIS (10.2.2).
• Statistical Software as IBM SPSS (19) and Microsoft Excel (2013).
The results of the analysis indicated that Increase drying rates of the lake which led to reduce the total area of the lake to nearly 12% from 1972 until 2016, especially in the main, northwestern and southwestern basins. NDWI showed that change in Aquatic Vegetation for all basins increased by 56.59739 %, and the changes in water for all basins decreased by 43.40261 %. The change detection results showed changed area that converted into aquatic vegetation, an unchanged area that still water, and losses area that no longer exists. CWQI during 2010 to 2014, the water quality can categorize as “Poor”. However, all parameters reached out of the EEAA quality standards. These results are due to different anthropogenic activities such as drying and reclaiming some areas that have serious impacts on its quality and a subsequent deterioration in its future environmental parameters.
The study confirms that the remote sensing along with geographic information systems can use for:
• Calculating rate of changes within the lake basins during four decades.
• Monitoring and assessment of the lake, and taking attention on land degradation hazard in the lake.
• Linking the GIS and RS technical capabilities to create water quality parameters mapping, and providing valuable information.
• Comparison between Satellites derived products with the previously collected field data.
• Identify the hot pollution sites, the annual pollution loads, seasonal variation in the lake and pollution sources.
• Helping decision-makers and end-users (fishers & investors) in the
construction of a plan to