الفهرس 
Introduction.Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The use of Doppler ultrasound is an integral part of the examination, and should not be considered as a separate entity. Many pathological processes affect the hemodynamics of relevant organs, and the judicial use of Doppler is an essential part of the diagnostic procedure, and prognostic tool to study the effectiveness of various management protocols in different high risk pregnancy conditions. Doppler techniques used to the detection of complications of pregnancy, detection and characterization of certain fetal abnormalities, as well as an assessment of the value of Doppler in the detection and management of maternal disease.
Using Doppler ultrasound, Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) and Umbilical Artery (UA) blood velocities and Pulsatility Index (PI) were determined three times during a single session over gestational age range of 13 - 40 weeks. Polynomial regression lines for the 1th ,2.5th,5th, 10th ,90th ,95th 97.5th and 99th percentiles were calculated for the peak systolic velocity (PSV), Systolic Diastolic Ratio (S/D Ratio), Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI) and cerebroplacental ratio(CPR).
The aim of this study was to evaluate Doppler waveform indices of MCA, UA and CPR in second and third trimester. The study population of 428 women (1284 observations as each artery examined at least 3 times) was recruited from the normal pregnancy population to a prospective longitudinal observational study of the cerebral and umbilical arterial circulation. Gestational age was assessed by ultrasound head biometry (BPD and HC), AC and FL. Here we present the results of the MCA, UA and the cerebroplacental ratio part of that project.
All pregnant women who met the following criteria were included in this study : no risk pregnancy, accurate gestational age based on the last menstruation date adapted with ultrasound parameters, gestational age between 13 and 40 weeks , normal fetal growth ( between 10th and 90th percentiles of the growth chart) and normal Doppler pattern of MCA and UA arteries.
Reference Ranges for UA PSV based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 10.55 to 127.58 with average 60.64 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 16.22 to 123.71 with average 50.03 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for UA S/D based on 1284 observations shows regressive course which ranges from 1.96 to 14.28 with average 4.17 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 1.52 to 6.67 with average 2.68 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for UA PI based on 1284 observations shows regressive course which ranges from 0.67 to 2.55 with average 1.29 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.40 to 1.80 with average 0.97 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for UA RI based on 1284 observations shows regressive course which ranges from 0.64 to 0.87 with average 0.74 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.50 to 0.77 with average 0.60 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA PSV based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 3.79 to 94.4 with average 46.28 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 11.23 to 81.65 with average 46.28 at 3rd trimester
Reference Ranges for MCA S/D based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 2.42 to 6.49 with average
4.84 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 1.46 to 9.97 with average 4.66 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA PI based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 0.75 to 2.50 with average 1.53 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.92 to 2.88 with average 1.52 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA RI based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 0.52 to 0.92 with average 0.77 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.55 to 0.94 with average 0.75 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA PSV / UA PSV based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 0.26 to 1.75 with average 0.79 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.31 to 3.09 with average 1.00 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA S/D to UA S/D based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 0.29 to 3.33 with average 1.30 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.65 to 3.78 with average 1.81 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA PI/UA PI based on 1284 observations shows progressive course which ranges from 0.40 to 2.64 with average 1.24 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.76 to 4.00 with average 1.71 at 3rd trimester.
Reference Ranges for MCA RI/UA RI based on 1284 observations shows parabolic course which ranges from 0.53 to 1.49 with average 1.06 at 2nd trimester, and ranges from 0.88 to 2.06 with average 1.28 at 3rd trimester.