الفهرس 
chapter 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Port Said considered as one of the promising areas for many future projects because of its strategic location, where it is located at the northeast part of the Nile Delta and extended to the northwestern part of Sinai Peninsula, which also overlooks the Mediterranean Sea. The Suez Canal navigation route passes through the middle part of governorate. It lies between latitudes 30°53’22.90”N & 31°21’49.86”N, and longitudes 32° 03’52.66”E & 32° 33’ 16.30”E, and bounded by Mediterranean at North, Ismailia Governorate at south , North Sinai at East and Damietta, El- Dakahlia and Alsharqia at west.
The arranged urban expansion at Port Said Governorate is considered as a critical topic to face the random constructions, overpopulation and rareness of suitable lands for a new projects. Port Said also suffering from geo-environment impacts, which was neglected at the Egyptian code for constructions resulted in severe effects on the safety of the existing constructions. So, there was a need to create a new geo-environmental code to avoid the danger locations and to compensate the existing deficiencies in the Egyptian code using remote sensing and GIS applications. The geo-environmental impacts on the constructions include: coastal erosion, sea level rise, low topography, land subsidence, tectonic hazard, seismic activity, lithology, groundwater, and soil.
The data used to estimate the code was ranged between field measurements, laboratory works, and engineering reports from different engineering companies, boreholes data, geophysical data and satellite images for the study area.
Each impact considered as a factor which coded using weight average technique through ERDAS, ArcGIS, and Surfer. The average weight uses relative value of range five gradient from the worst locations to the excellent one for any urban expansion, which appeared through factor maps for the Governorate.
The factors show the following:
1. The coastal erosion concentrate at 3 main locations one at the western part of Governorate between the coastline of Mediterranean sea and Manzala Lake and the other two locations concentrated at the eastern part of the Governorate, one of them between the coastline of Mediterranean sea and Malaha Lake, while the other located at the eastern of Manzala Lake.
2. Nearly quarter of Port Said Governorate is under 1 meter elevation below sea level, which considered as areas under the impact of sea level rising. This effect has been accelerated due to the fast rate of land subsidence.
3. The tectonic framework shows two types of tectonics based on their depths, the shallow structures port said cleared that area, situated in a structural basin while the deeper structures, which investigated using geophysics, reach nearly 4 km deep and show two fault trends, the main faults have E-W trend and has seismic activity and the minor faults has NE-SW trend without any seismic activities.
4. The subsurface lithology of Port Said consists of two layers of sand and a clay layer in between, that are considered as two main component with transit zones between them. The thickest location of surface sand, clay, and bottom sand are located at the western of Malaha Lake, which indicates the center of syncline structure.
5. The ground water flow is directed to the north direction. The shallowest water is considered as the best locations for constructions due to it’s easier to manage than the deep water that concentrated at the eastern of Suez Canal. The analyzed chemical component of ground water include TDS, pH, chloride, and sulfate. The high concentrations of TDS, chloride, and sulfate are distributed at the southern of Malaha Lake, which considered as the main source of recharge of saline water to the shallow groundwater. The risk of pH increases with the decrease of pH value with trend outside the study area to east and north-west.
6. The chemical composition of Port Said soil exerts a bad impact on the foundation of any projects. The chemical analyses were done for calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate with values of TDS, Ec, and SAR. The high concentrations of calcium, and magnesium were distributed at the southern of Malaha Lake, while the high concentrations of SAR, sodium, and chloride were distributed at the eastern of El-Salam Canal. The highest concentration of bicarbonate is found at the southern part of Port Fouad Island. Also, the highest concentration of sulfate, TDS, and Ec are found at the area of intersection between El-Salam Canal and Suez Canal. The most effective factors for the foundation were the bicarbonate and EC, which considered the area of southern Port Fouad as the worst and highest value of bicarbonate and the worst EC value is located at the intersection area between El-Salam Canal and Suez Canal.
The integration of all code maps indicates that the best location for new urban expansion is located at the eastern south sector of Port Said Governorate. Based on the obtained results, it is clear that the urban expansion of Port Said Governorate need to be more careful to face the hazardous impacts on the constructions.