الفهرس 
Neurophysiology of Consciousness & PainOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) can be defined as the use of sedative, analgesic, or dissociative drugs in order to provide anxiolysis, analgesia, sedation, and motor control during painful or unpleasant diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Objectives: The main aim of this essay is to discuss the guidelines of PSA including their types, techniques, possible risks and safety precautions during painful or unpleasant diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in pediatrics age group.
Data sources: Medline databases (PubMed, Medescape, Science Direct) and all materials available in the internet till 2017.
Study selection: This search presented articles. The articles studied the physiology of consciousness and pain, pharmacology of the used drugs during pediatric procedural sedation and the used analgesics and different recent techniques used in sedation.
Data extraction: If the study did not include inclusion criteria, they were excluded. Study quality assessment included whether ethical approval was gained, eligibility criteria specified, appropriate controls, and adequate information and defined assessment measures.
Conclusion: For painful procedures, a perioperative analgesic and sedative approach that provides safe effective analgesia, patient comfort, and sedation while causing minimal side effects is needed. In addition, postoperative analgesia is crucial and can be achieved with a multimodal approach. It is anticipated that non-opioid analgesic drugs will assume a future key role as synergists for painful procedures outside the operating room.
Key words: Pediatrics, procedural, sedation, analgesia.
References:
-Collins E: Moderate and deep sedation in clinical practice. Cambridge university press. 2012; (19): 237-241.
-Reed A, Thomas J, Roelofse JA, Gray R, de Kock M, Piercy J: Paediatric procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) guidelines. South African Society of Anaesthesiologists; 2011.
- Swart E.: The efficacy and safety of intravenous sedation in children under the age of 10 years. (masters thesis). Cape Town: University of the Western Cape; 2013.