الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present thesis attempts to analyze the function of language in Gore Vidal’s Lincoln. A novel based upon a pragmatic point of view. Pragmatics can be defined as a study of language and meaning treating facts of history with reference to their practical lesson, also considered as a philosophical doctrine appraising ideas. Vidal was an American writer of novels, essays, screenplays, stage plays and a public intellectual known for his patrician manner, epigrammatic wit and polished style of writing. He explored the nature of corruption in public and private life, Vidal was considered as an iconoclastic author also prolific and elegant writer. His historical novel ”Lincoln” is a part of narratives of empire series set during American Civil War describing the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Vidal’s focus is on the protagonist himself by presenting him as ”Man of the people”. This thesis contain four chapters, the first one is about giving the introduction about the authors life also his novel ”Lincoln” with summaries the approaches of the thesis. The second chapter is about the usage of Deixis in the novel which is a class of linguistic expressions that are employed for the purpose of indicating elements of the situational and discourse context. Chapter three talks about Implicatures and its types which can be defined as a branch of pragmatics which refers to what is suggested in an utterance. Finally, chapter four deals with speech act theory that is related to the production of language, speech acts are actions performed by utterances.