الفهرس 
MATERIALS AND METHODSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Alexandria University:-
Alexandria University was established in 1938. It is now the second largest University in Egypt and has many affiliations to various Universities for ongoing research. Alexandria University is a bold and innovative leader in providing an accessible, adaptable, and challenging learning environment to develop graduates and research that meet the needs of its regional, national and international communities. It is composed of 18 faculties and 3 high institutes. Alexandria University can do many things to promote and protect the health of students and staff, to create healthy conductive working, learning, and sustainability, to promote health promotion in teaching and research, and to promote the health of community.
Study Type:-
Field survey for all buildings of the three faculties (Faculty of Engineering as an example for a practical faculty, Faculty of Commerce as an example for a theoretical one, and the High Institute of Public Health as an example for a research institute) was carried out to determine the status of buildings, the dimensions of classrooms, restrooms, and labs, also to determine the ventilation and lighting status, and to check the status of emergency exits. Mathematical model was created by using Visual Basic to calculate the actual area needed for the classrooms, theaters, and different labs to overcome the overcrowding problem.
Aim of the study:-
Research that tackles the environmental engineering criteria at Alexandria University is needed, and this thesis aimed at assessing the status of Faulty of Engineering, Faculty of Commerce, and the High Institute of Public Health according to the NORMS, Egyptian Fire Code, NFPA, and OSHA guidelines. It also aimed at giving blueprints needed for making a safety manual.
Statistical analysis:-
Qualitative data were described using frequencies and percentages. Quantitative abnormally distributed data were described using median, minimum, and maximum. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparing two and three types respectively using SPSS version 2.0. In this thesis Visual Basic was used to create a mathematical model with respect to NORMS and heat stress index requirements in order to fit the students.
Overcrowding problem:-
Results showed that there is an overcrowding problem in the three institutions which may affect the students’ achievement and the staff behavior, the classroom is the heart of any educational system. No curriculum planning is complete without implementation and evaluation, both of which are mainly carried out in the classroom. So that solving this problem could improve the quality of learning in these institutions and this could be done by rearranging the schedules or to build new buildings which comply the norms for the student share term.
Safety manual:-
The safety requirements, laws, and regulations are not applied in the three institutions, this could result from the lack of funding in the university or because the university didn’t put the safety matters in their priorities, so that a safety manual is needed. This manual should be intended to set forth the safety policies for the university. It is understood that the university have many diverse types of work environments and this manual should not be intended to be a procedures manual for every environment; rather it should be used for general guidance. Specific hazardous conditions require specific control procedures that must be prepared by those having ownership of the hazard. It should include the type of fire extinguishers used in each place, the emergency and evacuation plan for each building, first aid procedures, and the personal protection equipments needed for each lab.
Ventilation & Heat stress :-
Most of the labs and study rooms depended on natural and mechanical ventilation while most of the restrooms depended on natural ventilation only, The amount of natural ventilation depends on the careful design of internal spaces, and the size and placement of openings in buildings; so that the type of ventilation didn’t prove something unless the data about window and door directions, heat stress, and the window to floor area percentage was specified. Natural and mechanical ventilation should be applied together in buildings in order to guarantee the reduction of heat stress in the place, this could be done also by choosing the right placement for windows and doors in the room. Heat stress is a buildup of body heat generated either internally by muscle use or externally by the environment. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke result when the body is overwhelmed by heat. Recently, studies have shown that the university’s environment is very important for students’ health and performance. Thus, the evaluation of indoor air quality (IAQ) is necessary to ensure students’ well-being. Ventilation cooling is usually combined with energy conservation measures like shading provided by trees and window treatments, roof reflectivity (light-colored roof), and attic insulation. Mechanical air circulation can be used with natural ventilation to increase comfort, or with air conditioning for energy savings.
The Faculty of Engineering was the highest in heat stress index and this was in the administration building with a median heat stress equals to 27.65° and this resulted from the orientation of the building as it located in the southern east, the second was the textile building with a median 26.5° this because most of the study rooms and labs are in the second floor which is the last floor and there is no well isolation for the roof. For the Faculty of Commerce Arabic building has a median heat stress index equals to 27.1° and the cause of the high temperature is the poor isolation for the roof as the study rooms were in the last floor.
Lighting:-
Simply adding windows is not necessarily responsible for day lighting. Poorly designed day lighting, as with poorly designed electric lighting, can create visual discomfort and disabling glare. Incorrectly placed day lighting can introduce undesirable solar heat gain, causing discomfort and increasing ventilation and air conditioning loads and energy use. Good day lighting design requires understanding a building’s local climate and use patterns and the location, placement, and shading of windows relative to their solar orientation. Even if the room is well day lighted, an electric lighting system is needed for inclement days, early and late winter hours, and evening classes. The challenge is to provide a lighting system that is energy efficient, has a long life, and requires minimal maintenance. The results showed that most of the buildings use fluorescent bulbs; The corridors of Faculty of Commerce and the HIPH were 100% complying with the guidelines for a light intensity average of 120 lux, while only 83% of the corridors were complying with the guidelines. In the case of study rooms; the HIPH had the highest percentage of compliance, then Faculty of Engineering, while the least was Faculty of Commerce for a light intensity average of 300 lux. For computer rooms, Faculty of Engineering was the only place which complied with the guidelines for an average 120 lux. While most of the labs were complying guidelines with an average of light intensity equals to 300 lux.
Compact fluorescent lamps should replace incandescent lamps to save energy and reduce the heat. Glare occurs when bright light sources and reflections interfere with the viewing of less bright objects. This high contrast may be uncomfortable or even disabling. Direct Glare is caused by fixtures located in front of students. Overhead Glare is caused by fixtures directly overhead. Reflected Glare is caused by bright reflections in surfaces such as glossy papers, shiny surfaces or computer screens. Glare control is especially important in flexible classrooms where desks and tables may face any direction, or in rooms with full time computer use.
Chemical lab waste:-
Hazardous waste had to be regulated from the moment it is generated inside the lab until it reaches its final destination for disposal or treatment at an offsite facility. The results showed that most of the chemical lab wastes didn’t have a proper disposal, characteristic wastes are not listed specifically by their chemical name but they are regulated as hazardous wastes because they exhibit one or more hazardous characteristics. These four characteristics are Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, and Toxicity. The University is required by State Regulations to develop and implement a Waste Minimization Strategy.
Recommendations:-
The following recommendations are suggested based on the results:
• The mathematical model designed by the Visual Basic could be used to determine the actual area and number needed for classrooms, theaters, and different labs.
• A guideline should be designed to determine the optimum number of students that could be in a class, theater, or a lab.
• Starting using energy saving bulbs (compact fluorescent) as it has the lowest amount of energy consumption and the longest life span, so it would be economical for use.
• A regular maintenance should be done for each rest room to ensure having a good healthy status.
• An environmental and safety manual should be designed for each college to ensure minimizing the risks which could affect the students, staff, and workers health.
• Chemical wastes and biohazard wastes should be disposed by a specialized company.
• Audio visual aids should be used in all theaters.