الفهرس 
Small-for gestational ageOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) represents a pathophysiological condition in which a fetus is restricted from reaching its genetically determined size. This distinguishes a FGR fetus from another who is simply small for gestational age (SGA) based on its genetic make-up. Identifiable causes of FGR include intrauterine infections and maternal illnesses, but most cases are idiopathic. In the majority of cases, placental insufficiency, and decreased nutrient transfer to the fetus are hallmark pathophysiological features. FGR occurs in 3% to 10% of all pregnancies. FGR fetuses have significantly elevated risks of intrauterine fetal demise, neonatal mortality, and short and long term complications.
The Aim of the Work: To evaluate the effect of sildenafil on Doppler velocity indices, in patients with placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction.
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The accurate assessment of fetal growth during pregnancy is difficult, but recent advances have improved this important aspect of obstetric care with positive implications for antenatal patients and their babies.
The term ‘small for gestational age‘(SGA): defines an infant that has failed to achieve a weight threshold (usually defined as the 10th percentile). Normal fetal growth is dependent on intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic (placental and maternal) factors. A failure of any or a combination of these factors will impair growth in affected fetuses. The identification of the specific cause of FGR prior to delivery is essential because clinical management, parental counseling and pregnancy outcome are linked to the etiology.
To achieve optimal fetal growth, adequate blood flow in uteroplacental vascular function is essential. Abnormal vasculature adaptation, resulting in aberrant blood flow, has been implicated as a possible cause of (FGR).