الفهرس 
The Pre-Operative ExaminationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Aim of the Work: Discuss different approaches to improve outcome of cataract surgery, through the following aspects, proper pre-operative examination including: Medical history, eye examination and diagnostic procedure, followed by advanced surgical steps, including the recent femtosecond laser assisted, finally by premium I.O.L selection.
In the past, when cataract surgery was performed with intracapsular or extracapsular techniques, patients underwent surgery when the level of lens opacity was severe (white or black cataract) and with levels of visual acuity below 6/60.
The techniques were not very refined and large incisions were required for the total extrusion of the crystalline lens. Optical rehabilitation was limited because of high levels of secondary astigmatism with large incisions and many sutures, as well as iatrogenic trauma in the cornea and iris tissue. Surgical aphakia was corrected only with 12-diopter spectacles, which were very heavy and quite uncomfortable. The resulting poor quality of life was a good reason to undergo surgery only when the opacity was significant.
Finally, the use of femtosecond lasers in cataract surgery is the last frontier of safer, more precise surgery that is highly reproducible and standardized. It offers surgeons the chance to center the capsulorhexis perfectly, which leads to optimal positioning of the artificial lens, and the precise location of corneal incisions (for access to the anterior chamber) and accurate incisions (for correction of preexisting astigmatisms). The fragmentation of the nucleus reduces manipulation procedures and the amount of ultrasound used during cataract removal.