الفهرس 
placental transferOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are a class of inorganic or organic materials with the size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles or nanomaterials may be formed naturally, might be created as a waste product by human bustle or unambiguously engineered for industrial, medical or agricultural purposes. Natural environments have been subjected to fine and ultrafine particles during the course of history, but the industrial revolution widely changed sources, exposure doses and types of NPs. The prospective fetal toxicity depends on the passage of chemical particles from the maternal fluids which is mainly determined through the placental barrier in the case of mammals. The NPs diffusion into the conceptus is becoming an important factor in veterinary and medical sciences as NPs are recently actively developed as mediators for electromagnetic imaging, drugs, vaccines and others for both animals and humans. This work aims to prove the toxicity of silver nanomaterial in pregnant rats with special reference to organ toxicity and placental transfer. The underlying genotoxicity of DNA induced by DNA adduct formation was taken in consideration.