الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current study has been achieved to be an essential resource for all veterinary practitioners that deal with the anatomy of the stifle and tarsal joints of the donkey, goat and dog. The animals have been chosen on the basis of that the donkey is of species equines carried heavy loads for long distances, and the goat of species ruminants, and with limited mobility, and that the dogs are carnivores and fast-moving, and has been linked to these movements the anatomical composition of stifle and tarsal joints and find differences that can distinguish between them.
Twelve adult donkeys, goats and dogs of both sexes free from any affection of the stifle and tarsal joints were used in the current study. The gross anatomy of the stifle and tarsal joints will be investigated in this study to study the articular surfaces, articular capsule, ligaments and blood supply of these joints in the donkey, goat and dog. The radiography of the articular surfaces and articular capsule and the arterial blood supply after injection of contrast media and computed tomography of the stifle and tarsal joints were also studied. The program IBM SPSS Statistics 21 was used in making of statistics of the articular surfaces of the stifle joint.
The stifle joint was consisted of femorotibial and femoropatellar joints. In the donkey, goat and dog, the medial condyle of the femur was smaller and lower than the lateral one and it was oblique in direction. In the donkey, goat and dog, the lateral condyle was sagittal in direction. In the donkey and goat, the articular surface of the medial condyle of the tibia was triangular in outlines while the lateral condyle was quadrilateral while in the dog; the medial condyle was oval in shape and the lateral condyle was nearly circular in shape. In the donkey, the medial meniscus was crescentic in shape while in the goat, it was semicircular and in the dog; the medial and lateral menisci of the dog were C-shaped.
In the donkey, goat and dog, the trochlea of the femur was consisted of two unequal medial and lateral ridges. The articular surface of the patella was elongated and triangular in the donkey, elongated in the goat and almond in shape, smooth and convex from all directions to articulate with femoral trochlea in the dog.
In donkey, goat and dog, the femorotibial sacs were considerably smaller than the femoropatellar. The femorotibial sac consisted of medial and lateral sacs. Each of them divided into proximal and distal pouch by the menisci, which where communicated at the central border of the menisci. . In the donkey, there was no communication between the femorotibial sac and the femoropatellar sac. In the goat and dog, the cranial pouch of the medial femorotibial sac communicated with the femoropatellar sac. In the donkey, goat and dog, the proximal pouch of the femoropatellar sac was extended proximally under the quadriceps femoris muscle.
The lateral collateral ligament was thinner flat band than the medial one in the donkey while thicker and shorter than the medial one in the goat and dog. The meniscal ligaments included the cranial and caudal ligaments of the medial and lateral menisci, and the meniscofemoral ligament. In the dog, the cranial ligament of the medial meniscus was not present and it had no bony attachment to the tibia but it was attached to the transverse or inter meniscal ligament which connected the cranial horn of the medial meniscus to the cranial ligament of the lateral meniscus and it was located immediately cranial to the cranial ligament of the lateral meniscus, and the tibial attachment of the cranial cruciate ligament. The CrCL arose from the central intercondylar area of the tibia and directed caudodorsally to be inserted in the lateral wall of the intercondyloid fossa of the femur. The CaCL arose from the popliteal notch and directed craniodorsally and medially toward the intercondyloid fossa of the femur at the medial condyle where it attached. The medial femoropatellar ligament extended between the medial border of the base of the patella and the rough area above the medial epicondyle of the femur and to the sesamoid bones of the gastrocnemius muscle in case of the dog. The lateral femoropatellar ligament extended between the lateral border of the base of the patella and the lateral epicondyle of the femur and to the sesamoid bones of the gastrocnemius muscle in case of the dog. The donkey had three patellar ligaments. In the goat, and the dog, there was one patellar ligament that connected between the cranial surface of the patella and the cranial part of the tibial tuberosity.
The stifle joint of the donkey was supplied by the descending genicular, caudal femoral, popliteal and cranial tibial arteries while that of the goat was supplied by the descending genicular, genus suprema, caudal femoral, popliteal and cranial tibial arteries. The stifle joint of the dog was supplied by the saphenous, descending genicular, caudal femoral, popliteal and cranial tibial arteries.
The site of injection of the femoropatellar joint ofthe donkey was on either side of the middle patellar ligament and under the patella by about 2cm. The site for medial femorotibial sac was between the medial patellar and medial collateral ligaments just under the medial epicondyle of the femur, while of the lateral femorotibial sac could be injected between the lateral patellar and lateral collateral ligaments.In the goat, the best site was on the side of the patellar ligament with the needle entered horizontally and towards the femoropatellar sac.In the dog, the site of injection was either medial or lateral to the patellar ligament. The needle should be entered horizontally in the mid-way between the patella and the tibial tuberosity in a proximocaudal direction.
In the lateral view of the radiograph, the condyles of the femur and tibia were identified and they were appeared to have limited contact. The joint appeared in stable as the menisci were not appeared. There were superimposition of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and also the tibia. The patella and the femoral trochlea were identified.
In the CT of the donkey, goat and dog, the osseous structures and infrapatellar fat pad were clearly identifiable. Bones appeared hyperdense while tendons, ligaments and muscles were represented by variable density. Synovial fluid and blood vessels were hypodense. Muscle tissues have the lowest density and tendons and ligaments were denser than the muscles.
The tarsal joint was consisted of the tibiotarsal, proximal and distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints. In the donkey, goat and dog, the tibial cochlea was consisted of two grooves separated by a ridge. The tarsal bones were six in number in the donkey, five in the goat and seven in the dog. The donkey had three metatarsal bones, the second, third and fourth. The goat had three metatarsal bones; the small second, the large third and fourth. The dog had four metatarsal bones.
In the donkey, goat and dog, the fibrous layer of the articular capsule extended from the distal extremity of the tibia (and the fibula, in the dog) when existed proximally and the proximal extremity of the metatarsus distally. It was thin cranially and thick caudally. In the donkey, goat and dog, the synovial layer formed four sacs; the tarsocrural, the proximal intertarsal, the distal intertarsal, and the tarsometatarsal sacs. The distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal sacs sometimes communicated together in the donkey.
In the donkey, goat and dog, the medial collateral ligament had long and short parts. The dorsal tarsal ligament was attached proximally to the distal tuberosity of the talus, central, third tarsal bones and the proximal extremity of the second and third metatarsal bones in the donkey, from the medial surface of talus and ended on fused third and fourth large metatarsal attached to medial aspect of the tarsals along its course in the goat. In the dog, on the dorsal surface there was a ligament connected the talus to the third metatarsal and attached to central, third and fourth tarsal bones on its way. The long planter ligament was attached to the calcaneal tuberosity and fourth tarsal bones and the proximal end of the fourth metatarsal bone in the donkey, to the calcaneal tuberosity, centroquartral and fused third and fourth large metatarsal in the goat and to calcaneus and 4th metatarsal bone in the dog passed through the 4th and 5th tarsal bones.
In the donkey, the cranial tibial artery of the popliteal artery on the dorsal surface of the tarsus became the dorsal pedal artery that given the blood supply to the tarsal joint. In the goat, the tarsal joint was supplied by the saphenous artery and the dorsal pedal artery. In the dog, the tarsal joint was supplied by the dorsal pedal artery.
In the donkey, the talocrural and the proximal intertarsal joints were injected from the dorsomedial aspect of the joint. The needle was inserted in the depression which was palpated distal to the medial malleolus in a horizontal and lateral direction. The injection of the intertarsal and tarsometatarsl joints were difficult to performed due to the narrow cavities of the joints. In the goat, the needle should be inserted between the medial collateral ligament and the medial tendon of insertion of the tibialis cranialis muscle in a horizontal direction. In the dog, the animal was in a lateral recumbancy with the tarsal joint extended. The needle was inserted just distal to the distal end of the fibula and the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle in a distoplanter direction.
In lateral radiography of the tarsal joint, the bony structure of the tarsal joint consisted of the distal extremity of the tibia; the tarsal bones and the proximal extremity of the metatarsal bones were appeared. The joint spaces between the various articulations of the tarsal joint (tarsocrural, proximal intertarsal, distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints) could be identified. The plantar border of the fourth tarsal bone of the donkey and dog was projected slightly behind the central and fused first and second tarsals in the donkey and 1st tarsal in the dog. The talus and calceneus tarsal bones were superimposed at the center of the field. The distal row of the tarsal bones appeared superimposed together so did not easily identified.
In the CT of the tarsal joint, all bone structures including tibial cochlea, calcaneus and talus with its trochlear ridges in the three species were seen. The central, fused first and second tarsal, third, fourth tarsal bones and the proximal extremity of the metatarsus in the donkey were well identified. The centroquartal, 1st, fused second and third tarsal bones and the proximal extremity of the metatarsus in the goat. The central, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th tarsal bones and the proximal extremity of the four metatarsal bones of the dog were evaluated. The tarsal bones had smooth outline and homogenous contours. All images had excellent delineation between the cortex and medulla of the bones.