الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hyperoxaluria defined as a condition that characterized by presence of excessive urinary oxalate excretion, more than 40 mg per day and it is a common abnormal finding in patients with calcium oxalate stones. Also, urinary oxalate is a single strongest chemical promoter of urinary tract stone formation or urolithiasis. Moreover, about 70- 80% of all kidney stones are composed of calcium, usually combined with oxalate.
The present study has been conducted to evaluate the preventive role of P. ostreatus and A. bisporus aqueous extracts and carvedilol on urolithiasis induced by hyperoxaluria through administration of ethylene glycol to albino rats.
Animals were divided into five groups each group containing six animals:
1- group 1 (normal control) was given tap water (without ethylene glycol) as drinking water for 9 weeks and was orally given the equivalent volume of the vehicle (distilled water) 5 ml/kg b. w. daily during the last 7 weeks.
2- group 2 (ethylene glycol control) was given 0.75% ethylene glycol (v/v) in drinking tap water for 9 weeks and was orally given the equivalent volume of the vehicle (distilled water) 5 ml/kg b. w. daily during the last 7 weeks.
3- group 3 (ethylene glycol-administered rats treated with P. ostreatus aqueous extract) was given 0.75% ethylene glycol (v/v) in drinking tap water for 9 weeks and was orally given P. ostreatus aqueous extract at dose level of 100 mg/kg b. w. daily during the last 7 weeks.
4- group 4 (ethylene glycol-administered rats treated with A. bisporus aqueous extract) was given 0.75% ethylene glycol (v/v) in drinking tap water for 9 weeks and was orally given A. bisporus aqueous extract at dose level of 100 mg/kg b. w. daily during the last 7 weeks.
5- group 5 (ethylene glycol-administered rats treated with carvedilol) was given 0.75% ethylene glycol (v/v) in drinking tap water for 9 weeks and was orally given carvedilol at dose level of 30 mg/kg b. w. daily during the last 7 weeks.
All the mushroom infusions and carvedilol were applied orally by gastric intubation and administrated at 10: 12 AM.
Results showed that administration of ethylene glycol to rats induced a marked reduction of body weight gain, urine creatinine, urine urea and ratios of urine creatinine/serum creatinine, urine urea/serum urea and Fex Urea. On the other hand, ethylene glycol administration caused increase in kidney weight, relative kidney weight, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid and urine uric acid.
Concerning serum, urine and kidney levels of minerals and oxalate, while ethylene glycol produced increase of oxalate (in serum, urine and kidney), calcium (in urine and kidney), potassium (in serum), urine concentration of sodium and phosphorus, urine sodium/serum sodium ratio, Fex Na and RFI, it caused wane in the levels of serum sodium and urine magnesium. Treatment with the tested agents resulted in reduction of the urine crystallization promoters (oxalate, calcium and phosphorus) and elevation of the urine crystallization inhibitor (magnesium) which reflected in fall of levels of crystals constituents (oxalate and calcium) in kidney tissue as well as decline of urine sodium, urine sodium/serum sodium ratio, Fex Na and RFI. In addition, while serum oxalate was profoundly decreased, serum potassium and serum sodium were non-significantly changed as a result of treatment by the tested agents.
Regarding kidney enzymes, it was found that administration of ethylene glycol led to lowering in the levels of ALP, ALT and AST in kidney. The treatment with P. ostreatus and A. bisporus aqueous extracts and carvedilol reduced the decline of these enzymes in the renal tissue.
In view of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system, while investigations on ethylene glycol-administered rats showed elevation in serum and kidney NO and kidney LPO levels, it exhibited decrease in kidney levels of GSH, GST, SOD, GPX and catalase. The treatment of ethylene glycol-administered rats with the mushroom infusions and carvedilol produced reduction in the oxidative stress markers and raise in the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system.
Concomitant with these biochemical changes, significant histopathological alterations were observed in kidney of the ethylene glycol administered rats including atrophy of the glomerular tufts, presence of protein and cellular casts, interstitial nephritis and many oxalate precipitations in the lumen of the renal tubules, dysplasia and anaplasia in the epithelium lining the renal tubules, focal necrosis associated with massive inflammatory cells infiltration, focal inflammatory cells infiltration, cystic dilatation and apoptotic cells in the renal tubules. The inflammation and apoptosis were also confirmed by immunohistochemical study which showed significant increase of the expressions of NF-κB and p53 and decrease the expression of Bcl-2 as a result of administration of ethylene glycol to albino rats.
Treatments of these animals with aqueous extracts of P. ostreatus, A. bisporus and carvedilol successfully prevented most of these biochemical and histopathological alterations.
Taken these data together, it can be concluded that aqueous extracts of P. ostreatus and A. bisporus and carvedilol could improve the kidney functions and ameliorate the perturbed histopathological changes in kidney of rats against hyperoxaluria-induced urolithiaisis which caused by administration of ethylene glycol and that improvement may be mediated mainly via decreasing the oxidative stress markers and inflammation as well as stimulating the antioxidant defense system.