الفهرس 
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Abstract
In recent years, intrinsic conducting polymers with conjugated double bonds have been attracted much attention as advanced materials. Among those conducting polymers, poly pyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAn) are especially promising for commercial applications because of its good environmental stability, facile synthesis and higher conductivity than many other conducting polymers. PPy can often be used as biosensors, gas sensors, wires, microactuators, antielectrostatic coatings, solid electrolytic capacitor, electrochromic windows and displays, and packaging, polymeric batteries, electronic devices and functional membranes. It is observed that polypyrrole and polyaniline play an important role in industrial applications as conductive polymers. In this thesis polypyrrole and nano particles of shells powder are used for removing some heavy metal (Cu(II), Zn (II) and Cd (II)) and hydrocarbons from solution.
Synthesis of polyaniline, polypyrrole and its composite by simple oxidation reaction. The showed that the adsorption of polypyrrole for Cu(II), Zn (II) AND Cd (II) is more effective than polyaniline. The surface of ppy and ppy/Sh composite samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectrum, thermal analysis (TGA) , Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Anaysis for pol and its composite insure that polypyrrole composite is more stable than polypyrrole itself.
PPy/Sh composite was effective, for removal of heavy metals and removal percentage reached 100% in some cases and this result were examined by atomic adsorption apparatus. The results also showed that the adsorption of heavy metals was highly p H dependent with increasing the concentration of heavy metal in the solution. Adsorption increases by increasing the temperature. The adsorption of heavy metals was highly dependent on contact time. The adsorption was of heavy metals was highly dependent on contact time. The adsorption was highly increasing with time; also the results showed that PPy/Sh cpmposite was effective in removal of cadmium than copper and zinc.
Polypyrrole composite also was effective for removal of hydrocarbons from solution especially benzene and this result were examined by HPLC. The results showed that the adsorption increase with increasing the adsorbent dose, and decreasing with increasing the concentration of hydrocarbons in the solution. Temperature affects the rate of adsorbtion. It increases by increasing the temperature. The adsorption of hydrocarbons was highly dependent on contact time. The adsorption was highly increasing with time.
The efficiency of removal of heavy metals (Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd (II) by (PPy/ Sh) composite is higher than the activated carbon alone by about 10%. Adsorption of acid dyes on (PPy/Sh) fits that Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results showed good compliance with pseudo first-order model with values of correlation coefficient,
Finally; from the above we can conclude that (PPy/Sh) composite can be used as effective absorbent for the heavy metals and hydrocarbons.