الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and gonads. Complex interplay between testosterone, FSH and other factors is important for normal spermatogenesis. Male hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome that arises from disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at any level . COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstruction of airflow to the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, sputum production and wheezing. It’s caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of other conditions . Sexual dysfunctions, including erectile dysfunction, were highly prevalent and had a negative impact on quality of life in men with COPD. The aim of this work to study pituitary testicular axis in patients with COPD and to clarify also its relation. |