الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study investigates some pharmacodynamic effects of
Ricobendazole and Ivermectin each alone and their concomitant administration in
mature male rats and lactating cows .
I-Experiments on mature male rats :
Mature male rats were divided into 4 groups each group of 15 rats.
group 1:Rats were treated with Ricobendazole (7.50 mg / kg.b.wt.S/C.)
group 2:Rats were treated with Ivermectin ( 0.56 mg / kg.b.wt. S/C).
group 3: Rats were treated with Ricobendazole concomitantly with
Ivermectin
group 4: Rats were treated with propylene glycol at a dose of 2ml / kg.b.wt.
S/C and kept as a control .
Blood samples were collected from treated and control rats at the end of 2nd
, 4th and 8th week from drug administration to examine the effect of these drugs on
blood picture, hepatic and renal functions , testosterone level , semen characters , index
weight of some body organs and the histological structure of the reproductive organs
, liver , kidney and spleen.
II-Experiments on lactating cows :
Firstly, faecal examination was carried out to all cows present in the farm.
Three groups of cows, each of 5 animals infested with flukes and / or worms were
classified and labled with numbers according to the most dominant parasitic eggs
found in the faecal matter as follows :
1- Group1: infested with fasciola and paramphistomum spp flukes and treated
with Ricobendazole at a dose of 150 mg / 20kg. b.wt. S/C.
2- group 2 : infested with nematodes and paramphistomum spp. and treated with
Ivermectin at a dose of 10 mg / 50 kg. b.wt. S/C.
Summary
391
3- group 3 : infested with fasciola , nematodes and paramphistomum spp. and
treated with Ricobendazole at a dose of 150 mg / 20 kg. b.wt. S/C concomitantly with
Ivermectin at a dose of 10 mg / 50kg. b.wt. S/C.
Faecal examination and blood samples from all treated groups were
examined before treatment and at the end of 2nd , 4th and 8th week from drug
administration . The anthelminitic efficacy (by recording egg shedding in feaces) ,
blood picture, and hepatic and renal function tests of lactating cows were recorded
The obtained results are as follows :
I- Findings on mature male rats :
The effects of Ricobendazole (7.50 mg / kg.b.wt. S/C) or Ivermectin(0.56 mg /
kg.b.wt. S/C) each alone and their concomitant administration on :
A- Heamatological picture :-
Hb concentration showed a significant decrease at 4th week from treatment in all
treated groups . R.B.Cs count showed a significant increase at 8th week from treatment
in all treated groups . PCV level in Ricobendazole and Ivermectin treated groups
showed a significant decrease at 2nd week from treatment. Male rats treated with
Ricobendazole concomitantly with Ivermectin showed non significant changes in
PCV level at 2nd , 4th and 8th week from treatment. W.B.Cs count in male rats
treated with Ricobendazole showed a significant increase at 2nd , 4th and 8th week
from treatment . Male rats treated with Ivermectin and male rats treated with
Ricobendazole concomitantly with Ivermectin showed a significant increase in
W.B.Cs. count at 4th week from treatment. There was a significant increase in
lymphocyte count at 8th week from treatment in all treated groups. Monocytes count
showed a significant decrease at 2nd week from treatment in all treated groups. There
was a significant increase in granulocyte count at 8th week from treatment in all treated
groups as compared with the control group.
Summary
391
B-Biochemical findings :-
1- Liver function tests :
AST level showed a significant increase at 2nd week from treatment in all
treated groups . ALT level in male rats treated with Ricobendazole and Ivermectin
each alone showed a significant increase at 2nd week from treatment . Alkaline
phosphatase level showed a significant increase in male rats treated with
Ricobendazole and Ivermectin each alone at 4th week from treatment. Rats treated with
Ricobendazole concomitantly with Ivermectin showed a significant increase in
alkaline phosphatase level at 8th week from treatment. TSB level showed a significant
increase at 4th and 8th week from treatment in all treated rats. LDH level showed a
significant increase at 8th week from treatment in all treated rats. Total protein level
showed a significant increase at 8th week from treatment in all treated groups .Albumin
level showed a significant increase at 4th and 8th week from treatment in all treated
groups .
Globulin level showed a significant decrease at 2nd , 4th and 8th week from
treatment in all treated groups. Cholesterol level showed a significant increase at 2nd
week from from treatment in all treated groups as compared with the control group.
2-Kidney function tests :
Urea levels were increased significantly at 4th week from treatment in all
treated groups. Ricobendazole induced a significant increase in creatinine level at 4th
week from treatment . A similar effect was induced by Ivermectin at 8th week from
treatment. Ricobendazole concomitantly with Ivermectin induced insignificant
changes in creatinine levels at 2nd,4th and 8th week from treatment as compared with
the control group.
C- Fertility findings:-
Testosterone level showed a significant decrease at 8th week from treatment
in all treated groups. Sperm count showed a significant decrease at 2nd , 4th and 8th
week from treatment in all treated groups. Sperm motility showed non significant
changes at 8th week from treatment in all treated groups. Sperm abnormalities showed
a significant increase at 2nd , 4th and 8th week from treatment in all treated groups.
Summary
391
Index weight of testis, epidedymis and accessory sex organs showed a significant
decrease at 8th week from treatment in all treated groups as compared with the control
group.
D- Index weight of some internal organs:-
Index weight of liver showed a significant increase at 2nd week from treatment
in all treated groups. Index weight of kidney and spleen showed a significant decrease
at 8th week from treatment in all treated groups as compared with the control group.
E- Histopathological Findings:-
Male rats treated by Ricobendazole and Ivermectin each alone and their
concomitant administration showed many histological alterations such as some areas
of necrosis in the liver, congestion and oedema in the kidney and lymphoid depletion
of some white pulp in the spleen. Testes revealed congestion of the testicular blood
vessels and interstitial edema, The epididymis showed interstitial edema and the
seminal vesicles showed congested blood vessels and inflammatory exudate in
glandular lumen .
II- Clinical Findings on lactating cows :
A-The anthelmintic Efficacy : Ricobendazole (150 mg / 20 kg.b.wt. S/C)
showed its fasciolicidal activity against fasciola gigantica in cows infested naturally
with fasciola and paramphistomum flukes. Ivermectin (10 mg / 50 kg.b.wt. S/C)
showed its nematocidal activity against nematodes in cows infested naturally with
some nematodes and paramphistomum flukes . Ricobendazole given concomitantly
with Ivermectin exert a fasciolicidal and nematocidal activities in cows infested
with fasciola, nematodes and paramphistomum flukes. Both drugs each alone and
their concomitant administration failed to reduce paramphistomum spp. eggs .
B- Heamatological Findings :-
Hb concentration showed a significant decrease at 2nd and 8th week from
treatment in all treated cows. Lactating cows injected with Ivermectin and cows treated
with Ricobendazole concomitantly with Ivermectin showed a significant increase in
R.B.Cs. count at 4th and 8th week from treatment. R.B.Cs. count in cows treated with
Summary
391
Ricobendazole showed a significant decrease during all periods of the experiment.
PCV level showed a significant increase at 4th and 8th week from treatment in all
treated cows . W.B.Cs. count showed a significant decrease at 2nd, 4th and 8th week from
treatment in all treated cows.
Lymphocyte count showed a significant decrease at 8th week from treatment in
all treated cows. Monocyte count showed a significant decrease at 2nd ,4th and 8th week
from treatment in all treated cows.
Granulocyte count showed a significant increase at 2nd and 8th week from
treatment in all treated cows as compared with the same cows before treatment.
C-Biochemical findings :-
1-Liver function tests :
Ricobendazole and Ivermectin each alone induced a significant increase in AST
level at 2nd and 4th week from treatment.
ALT showed a significant increase at 4th week from treatment in all treated
cows. ALP level showed a significant increase at 8th week from treatment in all
treated cows .TSB level showed a significant increase at 2nd and 4th week from
treatment in all treated cows. Total protein level showed a significant decrease at 2nd
and 8th week from treatment in all treated cows . Cholesterol level showed a significant
increase at 2nd week from treatment in all treated cows as compared with the same cows
before treatment.
2-Renal function tests .
Urea and createnine levels showed insignificant changes at 2nd, 4th and 8th
week from the beginning of drug administration as compared with the same cows
before treatment.