الفهرس 
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Placement of concrete underwater requires special considerations in
selecting the mixture’s constituents and proportions, which should be selected
with consideration to the placing method. Concrete may be mixed in the
conventional manner and then placed by special methods. The prepacked
concrete method, tremie method, concrete pump method, and other methods are
now the representative underwater concreting methods. With all these
concreting methods, the essential aim of technological development has been to
improve how the concrete is placed and to minimize contact between the water
and mortar so as to prevent the concrete from segregation underwater.