الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 191 |  |  |
| | | from | 191 | | |
Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted in the Experimental Farm, faculty of agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom to study growth characters (plant height, numbers of branches and leaves/ plant, leaf area/ plant, stem, leaves and total dry weight), physiological parameters (crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate), flowering and abscission (days to 50% of flowering , number of flowers per plant and Total abscission %), photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll) , water relation (total water content, free water, bound water, bound/ free ratio and relative water content%), yield and its components (number of pods/ plant, number of seeds/ pod, seeds weight/ pod, 100- seed weight, seed yield/ plant, seed, straw and biological yields/fed) and seed chemical analysis (nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentages) of some faba bean cultivars as affected by densities and phosphorus fertilization systems during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons.
First experiment: Effect of plant densities on some faba bean cultivars.
This experiment was designed to study the effect of three plant densities on growth, physiological parameters, yield and chemical composition of ten faba bean cultivars. The experiment included thirty treatments in each growing season which were the combination of three plant densities and ten cultivars which are as follows:
A- Plant densities.
D1: 80000 D2: 120000 D3: 160000 plants/fed
B- Cultivars.
1- Sakha 1
2- Sakha 3
3- Sakha 4
4- Giza 3
5- Giza 402
6- Giza 461
7- Giza 716
8- Giza 843
9- Nubaria 1
10- Misr 1 The treatments were arranged at random in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were allocated for plant densities. However, the sub-plots were devoted for the cultivars.
Second experiment: Effect of phosphorus fertilization systems on some faba bean cultivars.
This experiment was performed to study the effect of integrated soil and foliar application of phosphorus fertilization on growth, physiological parameters, yield and chemical composition of faba bean cultivars. The experiment included thirty treatments which are as follows:
A- Phosphorus fertilization systems.
1- P1: 7.5 kg P2O5/fed as soil application + twice foliar application with 0.5% phosphoric acid (85% H3PO4) at 35 and 55 DAS.
2- P2: 15.0 kg P2O5/fed as soil application + once foliar application with 0.5% phosphoric acid (85% H3PO4) at 35 DAS.
3- P3: 22.5 kg P2O5/fed as soil application.
B- Cultivars.
1- Sakha 1
2- Sakha 3
3- Sakha 4
4- Giza 3
5- Giza 402
6- Giza 461
7- Giza 716
8- Giza 843
9- Nubaria 1
10- Misr 1
The treatments were arranged at random in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were allocated for phosphorus fertilization system. However, the sub-plots were devoted for the cultivars.
The results could be summarized as follows First experiment: Effect of plant densities on some faba bean cultivars.
I- Growth analysis
1 - Differences among the three densities were found among characters studied. Plant density 80,000 plants/ fed surpassed the other densities in number of branches and leaves/ plant, leaf area, stem, leaves and total dry weight/ plant. However, the density of 160,000 plants/ fed exhibited greatest plant height in both season.
2- Differences among the ten faba bean cultivars were observed among characters studied. Giza 3 surpassed the other cultivars in number of leaves/ plant, leaf area, stem, leaves and total dry weights/ plant, while Sakha 4 mostly outperform other cultivars in plant height and number of branches.
3- The interaction between plant densities and cultivars on all studies characters in most studied ages during two seasons. It clear that Giza 3 cultivar grown under the lowest density (80,000 plants/ fed) mostly produced the greatest value of number of leaves, stem, leaves and total dry weight. However, planting Sakha 4 with the highest density (160,000 plants/ fed) gave the tallest plants in both seasons.
II- Physiological parameters.
1- The results donated that physiological parameters (crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate) were differed by tested plant densities. Results indicated that the lowest density (80, 000 plants/ fed) recorded the highest crop growth rate, while the highest density (160,000 plants/ fed) mostly recorded the highest values of relative growth rate and net assimilation rate in both seasons.
2- The tested cultivars significantly differed in their physiological parameters during the both seasons. Giza 3, Sakha 4, Giza 402 and Sakha 3 mostly surpassed the other genotypes for crop growth rate, while Misr 1, Giza 402 and Sakha 3 recorded the highest relative growth rate. Meanwhile, the maximum values of net assimilation rate were produced by Sakha 4, Nubaria 1, Giza 402, Sakha 3 and Sakha 1 during the different ages.
3- The interaction between plant densities and tested cultivars on physiological parameters was statistically affected during both seasons. In general, Giza 3, Giza 402 and Sakha 3 recorded the highest values of CGR under the density of 120,000 or 160,000 plants/fed. However, Giza 402 Sakha 3 and Sakha 1 produced the highest RGR under the density of 120,000 or 160,000 plants/fed. On the other hand, Giza 3, Giza 402 and Sakha 1 scored the maximum values of NAR especially under the density of 120,000 or 160,000 plants/fed.
III- Flowering and abscission
1- The earliest plants to produce 50% flowering were recorded by the highest density (160000 plants/fed). However, the lowest density (80000 plants/fed) recorded the highest number of flowers / plant and lowest abscission %.
2- Cultivars were significantly differed for number of days to flowering, number of flowers per plant and abscission percentage. Giza 3 cultivar was the earliest cultivar to produce 50% flowering and recorded the lowest abscission percentage. Meanwhile, Sakha 4 and Giza 716 cultivars produced the highest number of flowers per plant in the two seasons.
3- The interaction between plant densities and cultivars significantly affected on flowering and abscission characters. Sowing Giza 3 under the highest density recorded the earliest flowering plants in both seasons. However, the greatest number of flowers was produced by planting Sakha 4 under the minimum density, while Giza 3 scored the lower abscission percentage when it was grown under the minimum density in both seasons IV- Photosynthetic pigments
1- The results demonstrated that total chlorophyll was significantly affected by plant densities. The data show that the lowest density (80,000 plants/ fed) gave the greatest value of total chlorophyll in both seasons.
2- Sakha 4 cultivar produced the highest value of total chlorophyll while the lowest value was obtained by Misr 1 cultivar in the both seasons.
3- The interaction between plant densities and cultivars on total chlorophyll was statistically differed during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. Planting Sakha 4 cultivar under the minimum density (80,000 plants/ fed) produced the highest value compare with other combined treatments.
V- Water relations
1- The results showed that there was a remarkable increase in total water content and relative water content by decreasing the plant density, while free water and bound water were no differences detected among plant densities in both seasons.
2- Giza 3 cultivar surpassed the other cultivars on total water content, free water and relative water content in both seasons, while Giza 402 cultivar gave the highest values of bound water and bound/ free ratio in the two seasons.
3- The interaction between plant densities and tested cultivars significantly affected on water relations. Sowing Giza 3, Sakha 3 and Sakha 4 cultivars under the density of (80,000 plant/ fed) gave the highest values in both seasons.
VI- Yield and yield components.
1- The data declare that yield and yield components were significantly differed by tested plant densities. The highest yield components of plant were resulted from the minimum density (80,000 plants/ fed), while the maximum seed, straw and biological yields/ fed were recorded by the highest density (160,000 plant/ fed) during the two seasons.
2- Giza 3 cultivar surpassed the other cultivars on number of pods per plant, seeds weight per plant and seed, straw and biological yields/ fed, while Nubaria 1 cultivar produced the highest values of number of seeds per pod, seeds weight per pod and 100- seed weight in both seasons.
3- The interaction between plant densities and cultivars indicate that sowing Giza 3 cultivar with the lowest density (80,000 plants/fed) produced the highest number of pods per plant and seeds weight per plant, while sowing the same cultivar under the density of 120,000 plant/fed produced the maximum straw and biological yields/fed. However, sowing Nubaria 1 cultivar under the density of 80,000 plant/ fed produced the maximum seeds weight per pod and 100-seeds weight. The maximum seed yield/ fed was obtained by sowing Giza 3 cultivar under the density of 160,000 plant/ fed.
VII- Seed chemical analysis.
1- The highest nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentages in seeds were obtained with the density of 80,000 plants/ fed. Meanwhile, the lowest percentages were obtained by the density of 160,000 plants/fed in both seasons.
2- Giza 3 cultivar outperform other cultivars in nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentages in seeds in the both seasons.
3- The interaction between plant densities and cultivars significantly affected on nitrogen and protein percentages in seeds. The data reveal that planting Giza 3 with the lowest density produced the greatest values compared with other combination treatments in the two seasons Second experiment: Effect of phosphorus fertilization systems on some faba bean cultivars.
I. Growth analysis
1- The growth characters studied were significantly affected by phosphorus fertilization system. The data show that P2 system (15 kg P2O5/ fed as soil application + once foliar application with 0.5% phosphoric acid) surpassed the other fertilization system on all studied growth characters at all ages in both seasons.
2- Giza 3 and Sakha 4 cultivars superiority the other tested cultivars in all growth characters in both seasons.
3- The interaction between phosphorus fertilization systems significantly affected on growth characters. The data indicate that sowing Giza3 and Sakha 4 cultivars when fertilized by P2 system mostly recorded the highest values of all growth characters in both seasons.
II. Physiological attributes.
1- Fertilizing plants with P2 system increased the values of physiological parameters (CGR, RGR and NAR) compared with other levels in both seasons.
2- Difference among cultivars significant effected on physiological attributes. Data showed that Sakha 1 cultivar surpassed other cultivars on (CGR, RGR and NAR) in the first period (70-85 DAS) and Giza 402 surpassed in the second period (85-100 DAS). However, in the third period (100-115 DAS) Sakha 4 surpassed other cultivars for CGR and RGR, while Giza 402 recorded the highest values of NAR.
3- The interaction between phosphorus application systems and tested cultivars significantly affected on physiological attributes. In general, Sakha 4, Giza 402 and Giza 843 recorded the highest values of CGR under the phosphorus system P2, P3 and P1, respectively. However, Giza 402 and Sakha 3 produced the highest RGR under the phosphorus system of P3 or P1. On the other side, Giza 461, Sakha 3 and Giza 716 scored the maximum values of NAR especially under the phosphorus system of P1.
III. Photosynthetic pigments.
1- Phosphorus application system affected on total chlorophyll. The data showed that P1 system recorded the highest value in both seasons.
2- Nubaria 1 and Misr 1 produced the greatest value of total chlorophyll in the first and second season respectively compared with other cultivars.
3- The interaction between phosphorus application and tested cultivars affected significantly on total chlorophyll. Nubaria 1 and Misr 1 cultivar recorded the highest value of total chlorophyll when fertilized by P3 and P2 systems in the first and second seasons, respectively.
IV. Water relations
1- The P2 system of phosphorus application gave the maximum values of total water content, free water and relative water content, while gave the lowest values of bound water and bound / free water ratio in the both season.
2- Differences of cultivars significantly affected on water relations. The data show that Giza 3 and Sakha 4 cultivars generally recorded the highest values of total water content, free water and relative water content in the both seasons. However, bound water was not significantly affected by the diversity of cultivars in both seasons.
3- The interaction between phosphors level and cultivars affected significantly on water relations. The highest total water content was produced by sowing Giza 461 cultivar under P2 system in the both seasons, while the maximum free water was produced by sowing Sakha1 and Giza 716 cultivars with P2 level in the first and second seasons respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum relative water content was produced by sowing Giza 402 and Sakha 4 cultivars with P2 level in the first and second seasons, respectively.
V. Yield and yield components.
1- Application of P2 system caused significant increase in all yield and its components characters compared to other P systems in the both seasons.
2- Giza 3 and Sakha 4 cultivars were the most superior cultivars for number of pods/ plant, seeds weight/ plant, seeds, straw and biological yields/ fed. However, Nubaria 1 cultivar surpasses the other cultivars on number of seeds/ pod, seeds weight/ pod and 100- seeds weight in both seasons.
3- Concerning interaction between cultivars and phosphorus fertilization systems, fertilized Giza 3 cultivar with P2 system mostly produced the greatest number of pods/ plant, seeds weight/ plant, seeds, straw and biological yields/ fed. Meanwhile, fertilized Nubaria 1 cultivar with P2 system produced the maximum number of seeds/ pod, seeds weight/ pod and 100-seed weight in both seasons.
VI. Seed chemical analysis
1- The greatest values of nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentages in seeds were obtained by P2 system compare with other P systems in both seasons.
2- Giza 3 cultivar recorded the highest nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentages in seeds compared with other tested cultivars. On the other hand, Misr 1 cultivar produced the lowest values in the both seasons.
3- The interaction between cultivars and phosphorus fertilization system showed that the highest values of nitrogen and protein percentages in seeds were obtained by fertilized Giza 3 and Sakha 3 cultivars with P2 system in the first and second seasons, respectively.