الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The low pressure RO technology called Nanofiltration (NF), are used as seawater feed pretreatment for Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO). Spiral-wounded of commercial large-scale NF membranes types, focusing on selected 9 membranes of the 8040-type of high-flow and high-salt rejection, with area ranging between 300 and 400 ft2. These membranes; 1-NF90- 400, 2-NF270- 400, 3-ESNA1-LF- LD-400, 4-ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, 5-HL8040F-400, 6-SEASOFT-HF8040-400, 7-SEASOFT-HR8040- 400, 8-8040-TS83-TSA-365 and 9-8040-TS83-UWA-400 types. NF membrane productivity as quantity and quality is dictated by the membrane permeability coefficients for water and salt respectively. Therefore, the first part of the present study is to get these equations of permeability coefficients for both water (Kw), salt (Ks) and Net Deriving Pressure (NDP), describing the abovementioned membranes for the leading element. The results that obtained in this present study, it was carried out by using the manufacturer-associated software at the different operating parameters and operating limits at the maximum permeate fluxes for each membrane. The results obtained for NF leading element reveal that: in the case of increasing temperature of the feed flow from 15 to 45 oC, productivity increased with an average value of 17.3%, the permeate salinity increased with an average value of 40.7%, and the specific energy consumption decreased with an average value of 22.1%. In the case of increasing the flowrate from 30 to 70 gpm, productivity increased with an average value of 11.4% and permeate salinity decreased with an average value of 11.7%. The NF membranes average salt rejections for, hardness, monovalent, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) are 94.7%, 53% and 58.2% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, have the highest productivity, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate
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salinity, and Seasoft HF8040- 400 and NF270- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption.
The results from the study of NF membrane system design show that:, the increase of the feed temperature from 25 to 45 oC, increases the permeate flowrate with an average value of 15%, meanwhile, permeate salt concentrate have increased with an average value of 13% and the specific energy consumption have decreased with an average value of 20%. In the case of increasing the feed flowrate from 60 to 130 Gpm, the permeate flowrate have increased with an average value of 55%, permeate salt concentrate have decreased with an average value of 18% and the specific energy consumption have increased with an average value of about 56%. The total hardness ions, the total monovalent and (TDS) are removed by the NF membranes with salt rejection (SR %) values averaged at: 91.9%, 48.9%, and 53.1% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 and Seasoft HF8040- 400 have the highest permeate flowrate, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate salt concentration, and Seasoft HF8040- 400, NF270- 400 and Seasoft HR8040- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption respectively. In the case of seawater feed preheating (contiguous cogeneration) NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 have the highest performance respectively.
Two cases were performed to compare between performance of; SWRO membrane system and integrated NF-SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions such as feed for: temperature, flowrate and salt concentration. The results obtained from these cases studied, (Filmtec and Osmonics respectively) using SWRO membrane system and the integrated NF membrane system (as a feed pretreatment) with SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions indicate that: the productivity was increased by an average value of 39.5% for the first case study and 10.3 %
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XVI
for the first second study. NF-SWRO membrane system gives a permeate salinity (quality), lower than SWRO membrane system, by an average value of 33.5% for the first case study and 23.2 % for the first second study. The specific energy consumption is almost the same for both cases.
The validity of the results for NF membrane system capability for salt rejection of seawater ions that obtained from the present study are compared with some practical results of the existing units working on the NF types. The comparison indicates that the results of present study have good agreement in some results and there is discrepancy in the other results.The low pressure RO technology called Nanofiltration (NF), are used as seawater feed pretreatment for Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO). Spiral-wounded of commercial large-scale NF membranes types, focusing on selected 9 membranes of the 8040-type of high-flow and high-salt rejection, with area ranging between 300 and 400 ft2. These membranes; 1-NF90- 400, 2-NF270- 400, 3-ESNA1-LF- LD-400, 4-ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, 5-HL8040F-400, 6-SEASOFT-HF8040-400, 7-SEASOFT-HR8040- 400, 8-8040-TS83-TSA-365 and 9-8040-TS83-UWA-400 types. NF membrane productivity as quantity and quality is dictated by the membrane permeability coefficients for water and salt respectively. Therefore, the first part of the present study is to get these equations of permeability coefficients for both water (Kw), salt (Ks) and Net Deriving Pressure (NDP), describing the abovementioned membranes for the leading element. The results that obtained in this present study, it was carried out by using the manufacturer-associated software at the different operating parameters and operating limits at the maximum permeate fluxes for each membrane. The results obtained for NF leading element reveal that: in the case of increasing temperature of the feed flow from 15 to 45 oC, productivity increased with an average value of 17.3%, the permeate salinity increased with an average value of 40.7%, and the specific energy consumption decreased with an average value of 22.1%. In the case of increasing the flowrate from 30 to 70 gpm, productivity increased with an average value of 11.4% and permeate salinity decreased with an average value of 11.7%. The NF membranes average salt rejections for, hardness, monovalent, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) are 94.7%, 53% and 58.2% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, have the highest productivity, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate
XIV
salinity, and Seasoft HF8040- 400 and NF270- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption.
The results from the study of NF membrane system design show that:, the increase of the feed temperature from 25 to 45 oC, increases the permeate flowrate with an average value of 15%, meanwhile, permeate salt concentrate have increased with an average value of 13% and the specific energy consumption have decreased with an average value of 20%. In the case of increasing the feed flowrate from 60 to 130 Gpm, the permeate flowrate have increased with an average value of 55%, permeate salt concentrate have decreased with an average value of 18% and the specific energy consumption have increased with an average value of about 56%. The total hardness ions, the total monovalent and (TDS) are removed by the NF membranes with salt rejection (SR %) values averaged at: 91.9%, 48.9%, and 53.1% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 and Seasoft HF8040- 400 have the highest permeate flowrate, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate salt concentration, and Seasoft HF8040- 400, NF270- 400 and Seasoft HR8040- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption respectively. In the case of seawater feed preheating (contiguous cogeneration) NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 have the highest performance respectively.
Two cases were performed to compare between performance of; SWRO membrane system and integrated NF-SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions such as feed for: temperature, flowrate and salt concentration. The results obtained from these cases studied, (Filmtec and Osmonics respectively) using SWRO membrane system and the integrated NF membrane system (as a feed pretreatment) with SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions indicate that: the productivity was increased by an average value of 39.5% for the first case study and 10.3 %
XV
XVI
for the first second study. NF-SWRO membrane system gives a permeate salinity (quality), lower than SWRO membrane system, by an average value of 33.5% for the first case study and 23.2 % for the first second study. The specific energy consumption is almost the same for both cases.
The validity of the results for NF membrane system capability for salt rejection of seawater ions that obtained from the present study are compared with some practical results of the existing units working on the NF types. The comparison indicates that the results of present study have good agreement in some results and there is discrepancy in the other results.The low pressure RO technology called Nanofiltration (NF), are used as seawater feed pretreatment for Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO). Spiral-wounded of commercial large-scale NF membranes types, focusing on selected 9 membranes of the 8040-type of high-flow and high-salt rejection, with area ranging between 300 and 400 ft2. These membranes; 1-NF90- 400, 2-NF270- 400, 3-ESNA1-LF- LD-400, 4-ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, 5-HL8040F-400, 6-SEASOFT-HF8040-400, 7-SEASOFT-HR8040- 400, 8-8040-TS83-TSA-365 and 9-8040-TS83-UWA-400 types. NF membrane productivity as quantity and quality is dictated by the membrane permeability coefficients for water and salt respectively. Therefore, the first part of the present study is to get these equations of permeability coefficients for both water (Kw), salt (Ks) and Net Deriving Pressure (NDP), describing the abovementioned membranes for the leading element. The results that obtained in this present study, it was carried out by using the manufacturer-associated software at the different operating parameters and operating limits at the maximum permeate fluxes for each membrane. The results obtained for NF leading element reveal that: in the case of increasing temperature of the feed flow from 15 to 45 oC, productivity increased with an average value of 17.3%, the permeate salinity increased with an average value of 40.7%, and the specific energy consumption decreased with an average value of 22.1%. In the case of increasing the flowrate from 30 to 70 gpm, productivity increased with an average value of 11.4% and permeate salinity decreased with an average value of 11.7%. The NF membranes average salt rejections for, hardness, monovalent, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) are 94.7%, 53% and 58.2% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, have the highest productivity, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate
XIV
salinity, and Seasoft HF8040- 400 and NF270- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption.
The results from the study of NF membrane system design show that:, the increase of the feed temperature from 25 to 45 oC, increases the permeate flowrate with an average value of 15%, meanwhile, permeate salt concentrate have increased with an average value of 13% and the specific energy consumption have decreased with an average value of 20%. In the case of increasing the feed flowrate from 60 to 130 Gpm, the permeate flowrate have increased with an average value of 55%, permeate salt concentrate have decreased with an average value of 18% and the specific energy consumption have increased with an average value of about 56%. The total hardness ions, the total monovalent and (TDS) are removed by the NF membranes with salt rejection (SR %) values averaged at: 91.9%, 48.9%, and 53.1% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 and Seasoft HF8040- 400 have the highest permeate flowrate, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate salt concentration, and Seasoft HF8040- 400, NF270- 400 and Seasoft HR8040- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption respectively. In the case of seawater feed preheating (contiguous cogeneration) NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 have the highest performance respectively.
Two cases were performed to compare between performance of; SWRO membrane system and integrated NF-SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions such as feed for: temperature, flowrate and salt concentration. The results obtained from these cases studied, (Filmtec and Osmonics respectively) using SWRO membrane system and the integrated NF membrane system (as a feed pretreatment) with SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions indicate that: the productivity was increased by an average value of 39.5% for the first case study and 10.3 %
XV
XVI
for the first second study. NF-SWRO membrane system gives a permeate salinity (quality), lower than SWRO membrane system, by an average value of 33.5% for the first case study and 23.2 % for the first second study. The specific energy consumption is almost the same for both cases.
The validity of the results for NF membrane system capability for salt rejection of seawater ions that obtained from the present study are compared with some practical results of the existing units working on the NF types. The comparison indicates that the results of present study have good agreement in some results and there is discrepancy in the other results.The low pressure RO technology called Nanofiltration (NF), are used as seawater feed pretreatment for Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO). Spiral-wounded of commercial large-scale NF membranes types, focusing on selected 9 membranes of the 8040-type of high-flow and high-salt rejection, with area ranging between 300 and 400 ft2. These membranes; 1-NF90- 400, 2-NF270- 400, 3-ESNA1-LF- LD-400, 4-ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, 5-HL8040F-400, 6-SEASOFT-HF8040-400, 7-SEASOFT-HR8040- 400, 8-8040-TS83-TSA-365 and 9-8040-TS83-UWA-400 types. NF membrane productivity as quantity and quality is dictated by the membrane permeability coefficients for water and salt respectively. Therefore, the first part of the present study is to get these equations of permeability coefficients for both water (Kw), salt (Ks) and Net Deriving Pressure (NDP), describing the abovementioned membranes for the leading element. The results that obtained in this present study, it was carried out by using the manufacturer-associated software at the different operating parameters and operating limits at the maximum permeate fluxes for each membrane. The results obtained for NF leading element reveal that: in the case of increasing temperature of the feed flow from 15 to 45 oC, productivity increased with an average value of 17.3%, the permeate salinity increased with an average value of 40.7%, and the specific energy consumption decreased with an average value of 22.1%. In the case of increasing the flowrate from 30 to 70 gpm, productivity increased with an average value of 11.4% and permeate salinity decreased with an average value of 11.7%. The NF membranes average salt rejections for, hardness, monovalent, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) are 94.7%, 53% and 58.2% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400, have the highest productivity, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate
XIV
salinity, and Seasoft HF8040- 400 and NF270- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption.
The results from the study of NF membrane system design show that:, the increase of the feed temperature from 25 to 45 oC, increases the permeate flowrate with an average value of 15%, meanwhile, permeate salt concentrate have increased with an average value of 13% and the specific energy consumption have decreased with an average value of 20%. In the case of increasing the feed flowrate from 60 to 130 Gpm, the permeate flowrate have increased with an average value of 55%, permeate salt concentrate have decreased with an average value of 18% and the specific energy consumption have increased with an average value of about 56%. The total hardness ions, the total monovalent and (TDS) are removed by the NF membranes with salt rejection (SR %) values averaged at: 91.9%, 48.9%, and 53.1% respectively. Also the results reveal that the NF membrane types NF270- 400, ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 and Seasoft HF8040- 400 have the highest permeate flowrate, NF90- 400 and ESNA1-LF-LD-400 have the lowest permeate salt concentration, and Seasoft HF8040- 400, NF270- 400 and Seasoft HR8040- 400 have the lowest specific power consumption respectively. In the case of seawater feed preheating (contiguous cogeneration) NF membrane types NF270- 400, Seasoft HF8040- 400 and ESNA1-LF2-LD-400 have the highest performance respectively.
Two cases were performed to compare between performance of; SWRO membrane system and integrated NF-SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions such as feed for: temperature, flowrate and salt concentration. The results obtained from these cases studied, (Filmtec and Osmonics respectively) using SWRO membrane system and the integrated NF membrane system (as a feed pretreatment) with SWRO membrane system at different operating conditions indicate that: the productivity was increased by an average value of 39.5% for the first case study and 10.3 %
XV
XVI
for the first second study. NF-SWRO membrane system gives a permeate salinity (quality), lower than SWRO membrane system, by an average value of 33.5% for the first case study and 23.2 % for the first second study. The specific energy consumption is almost the same for both cases.
The validity of the results for NF membrane system capability for salt rejection of seawater ions that obtained from the present study are compared with some practical results of the existing units working on the NF types. The comparison indicates that the results of present study have good agreement in some results and there is discrepancy in the other results.