الفهرس 
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Abstract
Solar energy is becoming one of the primary sources of energy replacing fossil fuels due to its abundance. Its versatility, abundance and environmental friendly have made it one of the most promising renewable sources of energy.
One of the most problems in using photovoltaic systems (PVs) is the low energy conversion efficiency of PV cells and, furthermore, this efficiency decreases due to that the solar irradiance is not perpendicular on the surface during the day time. To increase the efficiency of PV system is tracking the sun during the operation period.
This thesis investigates the output power and therefore the efficiency of PV modules. A comparison between theoretical (Comsol Multiphysics) and experimental workresults for fixed and tracking Photovoltaic systems are presented.
In the second part of the experimental work, a double axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using an Arduino UNO unit. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of solar irradiance by using 4 LDR’s sensors.
In addition to the above an electrical analysis for fixed and tracking PV modules systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output power.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Osama Abdellatif, Prof. Dr. Reda Ibrahim Afify and Dr. Hussanin El Refay for their continuous guidance, encouragement and help. They helped me throughout the Thesis. I learned so many valuable things from them. I would like also to thank them for their patience.
Also, I would like to thank all of other Shoubra University, Faculty of Engineering members whom I took classes with.Many thanks go to my colleagues and friends for their support and help during my thesis. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their patience, care, and love which during the course of this thesis.