الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
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Abstract
Pharmacognostical study of Ficus pyriformis Hook. & Arn. Family Moraceae cultivated in Egypt. Ficus pyriformis is a shrub or small tree growing in Asia temperate and Asia tropical countries, cultivated in Egypt as an ornamental plant. It is showed cytotoxic activity against four cancer cell line, also used as a tonic in folk medicine. Reviewing the available literature, only few reports considering phytochemical and biological studies of the plant, detailed information concerning the macro and micro-morphology of the plant are lacking. This intimated our interest to perform the present work which includes: Part I Botanical study of Ficus pyriformis Hook.& Arn. Macro-morphological study of Ficus pyriformis Hook.& Arn. Macro-morphology of the leaf The leaves are alternate, elliptic or obovate lamina, entire margin, cuneate base shape and acuminate apex. The leaves measure about 3-9 cm long and 2-4 cm width. The petiole is nearly reniform in shape, green in colour and measures 1-1.25 in length and 0.2-0.3 cm in diameter. Macro-morphology of the stem: Stems are erect, cylindrical. The old stem is brown in colour, winkled and showing lenticels, while the young ones are thinner and green in colour Micro-morphological investigation of the leaf A transverse section through the lamina in the midrib region is biconvex to plano-convex in outline; the midrib region is more prominent on the lower surface. The lamina has a dorsiventral structure with upper palisade layer consisting of 2 rows of columnar palisade cells which continue in the midrib region and interrupted in the midrib. The palisade is interrupted in the midrib region by collenchyma. The upper epidermis is formed of two layers and parenchymatous. The vascular system in the midrib region is represented by a large crescent shaped main dissected vascular bundle accompanied by several additives and inverted smaller ones oriented to form a dissected ring enclosing central parenchyma, the latter contains groups of intraxyllary phloem and vasocentric vascular bundles. The pericycle is parenchymatous interrupted by groups of pericyclic fibers. The lower epidermises are covered with glandular and non-glandular hairs. Cystolith is present on upper and lower epidermis but more abundant on lower epidermis. A- The epidermis: 1- The upper epidermis: In surface view the cells appear polygonal, isodiametric to slightly elongated with straight anticlinal walls covered with smooth cuticle. Hairs and stomata are absent. 2- The lower epidermis: In surface view the cells appear isodiametric to elongated cells with sinuous thin anticlinal walls. Numerous stomata of the anomocytic type are present. Trichomes of both glandular and non-glandular types are present. Both of the upper and lower epidermises show glands (cystolith) due to enlargement of the cells and formation of cellulosic stalk that carries precipitated calcium carbonate that show effervescence after addition of dil HCl. B- The mesophyl: The mesophyll is differentiated into an upper palisade and spongy tissue. The palisade is formed of two rows of columnar cells. Numerous cells of the epidermis are modified to cystoliths. C- The cortical tissue: The cortical tissue shows both upper and lower subepidermal collenchyma layers. The upper and lower zones of collenchymatous cells formed of 8-11 rows of nearly rounded, cellulosic cells, measuring, by a mass of thin-walled rounded and oval parenchymatous cells of about 5-7 rows, surrounding the main vascular bundle of the midrib. These contain clusters and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. D- The vascular tissue: It is represented by a large crescent-shaped main dissected vascular bundle enclosing central parenchyma. Each system is surrounded by a pericycle. 1- The pericycle: The pericycle is represented by an arc of pericyclic fibers outside the vascular system. Each arc is formed of 2-4 rows of pericyclic fibers. 2- The phloem: The phloem is formed of soft thin walled cellulosic elements, differentiated into sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Some phloem parenchyma contains cluster crystals of calcium oxalate measuring. Small latex tubes are scattered contain granular content stained yellowish brown with iodine solution. 3- The cambium: The cambium is indistinguishable. 4- The xylem: The xylem is lignified consists of vessels, wood fibers, wood parenchyma and tracheids and traversed by 1-3 rows of rectangular pitted lignified medullary rays cells. The vessels have spiral and scalariform thickening. The wood fibers are few with lignified walls, narrow lumina, rounded to acute apices, measuring about in diameter and in length. Wood parenchyma consist of rectangular to sub-rectangular cells with thick lignified pitted walls and measure about in width and in length. Micro-morphological investigation of the petiole The transverse section through the petiole is nearly crescent shaped in outline. It showed an outer multiple epidermises with smooth cuticle and carries non-glandular trichomes. The cortex shows about 6-8 rows of collenchyma cells followed by parenchyma. The pericycle consists of an alternating group of pericyclic fibers and parenchyma. The vascular system is formed of dissected bundles; each consists of a radiating xylem and an outer phloem enclosing comparatively wide pith. Groups of interxyllary phloem and few small vascular bundles are scattered in the pith. A- The epidermis: In surface view, the cells are polygonal, usually elongated with thin straight anticlinal walls. The epidermal cells are covered with thin cuticle having, cystoliths, hairs and Stomata are not observed. B- The cortical tissue: The outer layer of the cortical tissue consists of 6-8 rows of rounded or oval collenchymatous cells, with thick cellulosic walls. The remaining part is formed of rows of parenchyma cells, usually rounded to oval, , they contain cluster crystals of calcium oxalates. C- The pericycle: The pericycle is represented by an arc outside each vascular bundle; each arc is formed of thin walled parenchyma cells interrupted by groups of pericyclic fibers. D- The vascular system: The vascular system is formed of dissected bundles interrupted by parenchyma cells. The phloem consists of shining thin-walled cellulosic soft elements differentiated into sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. The phloem parenchyma contains cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. Some laticiferous tubes whose contents stained yellowish – brown with iodine (T.S) are observed. The cambium zone is formed of 1-4 rows of tangentially elongated, radially elongated thin-walled cells. The xylem elements include xylem vessels, wood fibers, wood parenchyma and tracheids. The vessels show scalariform and spiral thickening. Wood fibers are fusiform in shape with straight lignified walls, narrow lumina and acute apices. Elongated lignified and pitted tracheids are present. The medullary rays are mainly uniseriate. The pith is formed of somewhat rounded to isodiametric, thin-walled parenchyma cells with wide intercellular space. The cells contain cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. Several groups of intraxyllary phloem with soft cellulosic elements are scattered at the periphery of the pith. Also, small vascular bundles are present which are formed of soft cellulosic element of phloem and small xylem vessels. Micro-morphological investigation of stem I- Micro-morphological investigation of young stem: A transverse section in young stem appears circular in outline. The epidermis is multiple and encloses a wide cortex composed of 4-7 rows of rounded collenchyma followed by 8-10 rows of cortical parenchyma cells. The pericycle is composed of groups of fibers interrupted by few parenchymatous cells. The vascular system is formed of dissected bundles; each consists of a radiating xylem and outer phloem enclosing a comparatively wide pith. The phloem and xylem are traversed by uni or biseriate. Abundant starch granules as well as crystals of calcium oxalate are present in the parenchyma of the pith. A- The epidermis: In surface view, the cells are polygonal, somewhat elongated with straight anticlinal. Stomata are not observed. B- The cortex: The cortex is formed of an outer continuous layer of collenchyma ranging from 4-7 rows of thick walled cells, followed by parenchymatous region consists of about 8-10 rows. Some of these cells contain cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. B- The pericycle: The pericycle is composed of groups of fibers interrupted by few parenchyma cells. D- The vascular system: 1- The phloem: The phloem is formed of phloem parenchyma, companion cells and sieve tubes. The phloem parenchyma contains cluster crystal of calcium oxalate. Few latex tubes are scattered which contain granular contents, staining yellowish-brown with iodine. 2- The cambium: The cambium is formed of 2-4 rows of tangentially elongated, radially elongated, thin-walled meristimatic cells. 3- The xylem: The xylem region consists of lignified vessels, wood fibers, wood parenchyma and tracheids. The vessels have spiral and sclariform thickening. The wood fibers are few with lignified walls, narrow lumina and acute tapering apices. The wood parenchyma is consisted of rectangular to sub-rectangular cells with lignified pitted walls. The medullary rays are unito bi-seriate of sub-rectangular cells with thick lignified pitted walls. 4- The pith: The pith is formed of a wide central zone of rounded to oval thinwalled parenchymatous cells. They contain numerous clusters crystals of calcium oxalate as well as starch granules. Starch granules are simple; few are compound of 2-3 components. II- Micro-morphology of old stem: A transverse section through the old stem is nearly circular in outline. It is similar to that of young stem but the cork and secondary thickening are formed. The cork is formed of 3-5 rows of radially arranged tangentially elongated, tabular to sub-rectangular cells with brown cell walls. The cortex is wider than that of the young stem and the pith is narrow. The cortex consists of 2-3 rows of scelerides followed by 3-4 rows of collenchyma and 5-7 rows parenchyma. The vascular system is very wide formed of complete ring of secondary elements enclosing comparatively narrow pith. Latex tubes are scattered in the cortical tissue, phloem and pith. Also, abundant starch granules are observed which are mostly simple and few are compound. Prismatic and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate are observed Part II Phytochemical study of Ficus pyriformis Hook.& Arn. Chapter I Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Aerial parts of Ficus pyriformis Hook. & Arn. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the powdered aerial parts revealed that: 1- Powdered aerial parts contain carbohydrates and/or glycosides, unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenes, tannins and flavonoids (aglycones, glycosides) 2- Powdered aerial parts contains no alkaloids and / or basic nitrogenous substances, cyanogenic glycosides, cardenolides, anthraquinones, coumarins, saponin or iridoids. Chapter II Investigation of the oilsubfraction of n- hexane fraction by GC/MS Results of GC/MS analysis of the oil subfraction obtained from nhexane of the aerial parts of Ficus pyriformis are shown with their mass spectra, revealed the presence of 12 compounds identified as follows: Vitamin E and its derivatives (vitamin E acetate and 3,4-dihydro6-O-methyl-gamma-tocopherol). One sterol (Stigmastan-4-one, 3-methoxy-, (3.beta., 24S),one triterpens (Lup-20(29)-en-3-one) and one polyisoprenoids (solanesol). Three hydrocarbons: 1-Nonene, 1-Pentyl hexanoate and 6-(5- Methoxy-2-furyl)-6-methyl-2-heptanone. Two fatty acids: Hexadecanoic acid and hexahydronerolidol, and one volatile compound (farnesyl acetone C). Chapter III Extraction, fractionation and isolation of constituents from Ficus pyriformis Hook.& Arn. aerial parts 1- Extraction and fractionation: A- Preparation of the total methanolic extract of the aerial parts: The air-dried powdered aerial parts (2 Kg) of Ficus pyriformis were macerated and percolated with methanol till complete exhaustion (1:4 ratios) [four times each 8 L, overnight]. The combined methanolic extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure till constant weight to give a dark brown syrupy residue (150 g). B- Fractionation of the total methanolic extract: A part of the methanolic extract (100 g) was subjected to successive solvent fractionation on VLC with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol till complete exhaustion in each case to give n-hexane (13 g), dichloromethane (11 g), ethyl acetate (21 g) and methanol (44 g) fractions. 2-Isolationof the main constituents of the n-hexane fraction of Ficus pyriformis aerial parts: A- Thin layer chromatographic screening: The n-hexane fraction of the aerial parts of Ficus pyriformis was subjected to TLC screening which revealed the presence of 9 major spots and other minor spots. C- Column chromatographic Fractionation and Investigation of the nhexane Fraction: A part of the n-hexane soluble fraction (8 g) was chromatographed on silica gel column chromatography, eluted with n- hexane and n-hexane-ethyl acetate gradients to isolate four compounds (FP-1- FP-4). 3-Isolationof the main constituents of the dichloromethane fraction of Ficus pyriformis aerial parts: A- Thin layer chromatographic screening: The dichloromethane fraction of the aerial parts of Ficus pyriformis was subjected to TLC screening using precoated silica gel plates revealed the presence of 8 major spots with 10% v/v sulphuric acid followed by heating at 110oC for 10 minutes. B- Column chromatographic Fractionation and Investigation of the dichloromethane fraction. A Part of the dichloromethane soluble fraction was chromatographed on silica gel column chromatography, eluted with DCM and DCM-MeOH gradients to isolate six compounds (FP-5-FP-10). 3-Isolationof the main constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ficus pyriformis aerial parts: A- Thin layer chromatographic screening: The ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of Ficus pyriformis was subjected to TLC screening which revealed the presence of 5 major spots with other minor spots. B- Column chromatographic Fractionation and Investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction. A part of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction was chromatographed on silica gel column chromatography, eluted with DCM and DCM-MeOH gradients to isolate two compounds (FP-11& FP-12). Chapter IV Identification of the isolated compounds Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds: The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was deduced on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 1D (1H, 13C and DEPT 135), 2D-NMR experiments (1H– 1H COSY and HMBC), EI–MS, GC-MS and ESI-MS., in addition to comparison of the physical, chemical and chromatographic characters of these compounds with those of the available authentic samples. Part III Biological study of Ficus pyriformis Hook.& Arn. I- Anti-oxidant activity: The MeOH fraction and the total extract of Ficus pyriformis aerial parts showed the highest anti-oxidant activity followed by EtOAc, DCM and n-hexane fraction respectively in comparison with the reference standards and this may be attributed to polyphenolic compound as flavonoids and tannins which known to possess an anti-oxidant activity. II- Acute toxicity study: The total methanolic extract of Ficus pyriformis did not induce toxic symptoms such as paw-licking, stretching, respiratory distress, diarrhea or death in graded single doses up to 3 gm/kg during the first 24 hrs. after administration. III-Hepato-protective activity: The present study reveals the hepato-protective effect of total extract of Ficus pyriformis and fractions in experimental animal model against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity which was proved by the serum marker and the histopathological study. The highly effective fraction is the methanol fraction which shows a significant reduction of liver enzyme than the total extract and ethyl acetate fractions in comparisons with standards (Silymarin). IV- Wound healing activity: It was observed that the wound contracting ability of Ficus pyriformis aerial parts was significantly more potent than control and the most effective fraction is DCM fraction followed by total extract and MeOH respectively. The highest activity of DCM fraction may be attributed to presence of steroids and triterpenoids and flavonoids. V- Anti-viral activity: The total methanolic extract showed the highest anti-viral activity against DNA viruses than RNA viruses. The total extract showed potent anti-viral activity (93.91 %) against HSV-1 and lowest activity against CoxB4 (44.61 %). The anti-viral activity of the extract may be attributed to presence of phenolic compounds as flavonoids and tannins which may block the virus access to the host cells. VI- Anti-microbial activity: The total extract and fractions have moderate to high anti-bacterial activities with no anti-fungal activity at concentration 75 mg/ml and more active on Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative. Also, the most effective fraction is DCM, followed by EtOAc, n- hexane and methanol respectively. DCM is highly effective on S. aureus with inhibition zone 13 mm and 72.1 % relative activity in comparison with reference anti-microbial agent. Part IV Estimation of total flavonoid contents of Ficus pyriformis Hook.& Arn. aerial parts The total flavonoids of the total extract obtained of the aerial parts of Ficus pyriformis (31.8 µg QE/ mg plant extract). The obtained result confirmed the previous conclusion of anti-oxidant activity of plant.