الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study attempts to investigate the cultural and semantic shifts of the English translation of 21 culture-specific items, taken from the story of Ashur Al-Nagi in Naguib Mahfouz’s The Harafish (1977). The translation bears the name of Catherine Cobham (1994). The study is mainly concerned with classifying the translation shifts of these items under Osimo’s (2007) two major categories of shifts; Cultural or Semantic and stating the reasons that led to these shifts.
This study constitutes five chapters as follows:
Chapter One introduces the study problem, purpose, significance and rationale. It also introduces definitions of two major terms the study uses; culture and translation shifts
Chapter Two presents a review of literature. It reviews definitions of culture-specific items, their manipulation in literary translation, Leuven Zwart (1989) and Osimo (2007) on translation shifts.
Chapter Three presents the mode of analysis. It states the categories according to which culture-specific items are extracted. These categories are derived from Howard (2009), Baker (1992), Newmark (2010) and Aixela (1996). It also states in details Osimo’s categorization of translation shifts.
Chapter Four compromises the main contribution of the thesis. The culture-specific items are analyzed in a comparative framework. It ends with the findings of the analysis which is to state what type of shift occurred to each culture-specific item.
Chapter Five is the conclusion of the research. It discusses these findings according to Aixela’s (1996) strategies of culture-specific items manipulation in literary translation in order to state the reasons that led to these shifts. The study eventually ends with a number of suggestions for further research on translation of culture-specific items in literary translation.