الفهرس 
History of TramadolOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tramadol is a pain killer used for moderate and sever intensity pain and approved for this indication only by FDA.
Unfortunately; due to its low cost and availability it is used , abused and addicted by many individuals in the past years. People abuse it for many reasons, as ,for happy social occasions and socializing with friends, to overcome physical exhaustion and fatigue , to cope with psychological problem and to concentrate during studying and examination as well for sexual activity to delay ejaculation , extend orgasm and increase sexual pleasure . This drug represents national Egyptian problem.
Tramadol have many side effects as GIT upset, CNS disorders, addiction and some users died from serotonin syndrome.
Its chronic use and addiction have many complications on the different systems and organs. Its side and destructive effects on male reproductive and sexual functions did not receive much attention from the scientists and researchers. Relatively few studies are present.
By this work we aimed to study the effects of chronic use of this drug on male albino rats –experimental study – hormones of Testosterone, FSH ,LH ,prolactin & E2.
To approach our goals 60 male albino rats were selected and divided as follows:
Control group: received vehicle only; 10 rats.
Tramadol groups: received tramadol in different doses and they were classified as follows:
Gr I : 10 rats: received 0.9 mg tramadol /kg body weight/ day/18 week.
Gr II: 10 rats: received 1.8 mg tramadol /kg body weight / day/18 week.
Gr III: 10 rats: received 9 mg tramadol /kg body weight / day/18 week.
Gr IV: 10 rats: received 18 mg tramadol/kg body weight / day/18 week.
Gr V: 10 rats: received 27 mg tramadol/kg body weight / day/18 week.
Tramadol was given daily orally for 18 week which corresponds to 4.5 years intake by an adult human male weighting 70 Kg.
By the end of experiment, blood was collected from all rats and subjected for measurement of the different aforementioned hormones.
Statistical analysis of the results showed that:
1) Tramadol in all doses used significantly decreased total testosteron
2) FSH and LH were significantly lower with higher doses of the drug (Gr III and after, which used doses of 9 mg /KgBW / day , that correspond to 500 mg/day and higher ).
3) Prolactin was significantly elevated by all doses tried.
4) Estradiol as well was significantly elevated by all doses tried.
Studying the correlation between tramadol and different hormone studies showed that:
- Tramadol is significantly positively correlated with testosterone, FSH &LH.
- Tramadol is significantly negatively correlated with prolactin and estradiol.