الفهرس 
1. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L., Family: Solanaceae) is a tropical bush native to South America. Cape gooseberry is an erect branching densely villous perennial; grown both in planes and hills. Cape gooseberry fruits are succulent golden spheres the size of marbles with a pleasing taste. Cape gooseberry has been widely used as an excellent source of carotene, vitamins A, C, and some of the B-complex and minerals, mainly iron and potassium. The fruit contain ca. 15 % soluble solids (mainly sugars) and its high level of fructose makes it valuable for diabetics. The protein and phosphorus levels are exceptionally high for a fruit. Goldenberry is also an excellent source for low calorie and dietetic products. Its high content of dietary fiber is of importance, wherein fruit pectin acts as an intestinal regulator and a detoxifiying agent. It has an anti-ulcer activity and it is effective in reducing cholesterol level In the past few years, increasing interest in bioactive phytochemicals of cape gooseberry fruit has been manifested. Good amounts of phenolic compounds are estimated in Cape gooseberry fruits juice, wherein the level of total phenols as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method was 6.30 mg/100 g juice as caffeic acid equivalents. Phenolic compounds are reported to be responsible for the antioxidant activity of fruit juices. Moreover, phenolic compounds have important pharmacological properties and have been associated to a lowered risk of heart disease via their action toward low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Beside the phenolic compounds, a direct correlation was found between the antioxidant effectiveness of goldenberry juices and their total fat-soluble bioactives (tocopherols, sterols and carotenoids) content. Finally, withanolides are a group of steroidal lactones which have been isolated from the cape gooseberry fruits. Withanolides have been studied previously for their antifeedant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cytotoxic, and immunomodulating activity, and for protection against CCl4-induced hepatoxicity (Glotter, 1991 and Lim, 2013).
Recently, a new frontier in nutrition and food science is developing quickly which is now called “Functional foods”. Therefore, one example of a successful functional food is the incorporation of Cape gooseberry phytochemicals into common diets. Such diets will be examined to elucidate their potential protection effects against CCl4-induced hepatoxicity in rats. Therefore, the present study was carried out to optimize the dehydration process conditions for Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) fruits. The dehydrated fruits powder will be examined for their potential protection effects against CCl4-induced hepatoxicity in rats. Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) preparation After arriving of the cape gooseberry fruits samples, they were prepared for drying process by manual dehulling, sorting, washing and drying under the following condition (temperature, 50 ±5 0C, time , 10 ± 1 hrs) until arriving by the moisture in the final product to about 8%. The dried cape gooseberry fruits samples were minced in moulinex machine (AlAraby for Electronic Manufacture Co., Benha, Egypt). The powder (CGFP) was sieving in 1 micron mesh and samples, put in polyethylene bags and packed in cartoon boxes until used. Experimental design All biological experiments performed a complied with the rulings of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on life Sciences, National Research Council (NRC, 1996). Rats (n=30 rats), 130-150g per each, were housed individually in wire cages in a room maintained at 25 ± 2 0C and kept under normal healthy conditions. All rats were fed on basal diet for one-week before starting the experiment for acclimatization. After one week period, the rats were divided into two main groups, the first group (group 1, 5 rats) still fed on basal diet as a negative control and the other main group (25 rats) was injected by CCl4 for two weeks to induce liver impaired rats then classified into five sub groups as follow: group (2), fed on standard diet only as a positive control; group (3), fed on standard diet containing 0.5 % CGFP; group (4), fed on standard diet containing 1.0 % CGFP; group (5), fed on standard diet containing 2.0 % CGFP and group (6): fed on standard diet containing 4.0 % CGFP. The obtained data could be summarized as follow: Analysis of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP)
Proximate chemical composition
The proximate chemical composition of CGFP is shown in Table 1. The results showed that the moisture content was ranged 6.21-9.14%, total protein was 9.12-10.38%, crude fat was 3.81-5.19 %, crude fiber was 3.31-5.52%, ash content was 5.72-7.40%, total carbohydrate content was 62.84-67.43% and Total energy was 311-359 kcal.100g-1. Such data indicated that the Cape gooseberry powder could be a good source of different nutrients including protein, fiber and minerals. Physical properties The water (WHO) and oil (OHC) holding capacity of CGFP was listed in Table (2). from such data it could be noticed that the water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC, g oil.g-1) were recorded 5.78-7.14 g H2O.g-1 and 2.37-3.09 g oil.g-1 for the samples of CGFP determined, respectively, indicating that the higher fiber content which hold more water. Minerals, vitamins, total carotenoids and total phenolics content and antioxidant activity The iron, zinc and selenium contents in CGFP were ranged 1.81-3.17, 2.44-3.51 and 0.83-1.05 mg.100g-1, respectively. Such data indicated that the CGFP could be a good source of minerals and vitamins. The iron content in Cape gooseberry fruit close to1.47 mg/100g (on wet weight basis) which was 5 to 15 times higher when compared with papaya, apple, orange and strawberry. The vitamin c and total carotenoids contents in Cape gooseberry powder were ranged 191.10-345.72 and 289.54-471.56 mg.100g-1, respectively. The antioxidant activities and total phenolics of CGFP are shown in Table (1). from such data it could be noticed that CGFP r showed high antioxidant activity (AA = 73.87-81.06 %). The high antioxidant activity is countered by the high total phenolic content (682.66 -920.75 mg EGA.100g-1 DW). Effect of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) on Liver functions of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in ALT (56.04%), AST (87.43%), and ALP (159.47%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with CGFP (0.5 to 4.0 g/100g) prevented the rise of mean serum ALT, AST and ALP activities. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the CGFP concentration. The rate of increasing in the liver enzymatic activities were recorded 49.32, 42.34, 27.46 and 23.64% (For ALP); 81.84, 66.80, 41.15 and 29.67% (for AST) and 127.77, 107.87, 76.73 and 55.76% (for ALP) with the rat diets supplemented by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/100g of CGFP, respectively. Effect of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) on serum albumin of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant decreased (p≤0.05) in albumin (-16.35%) compared to normal control. Supplementation of the rat diets with CGFP (0.5 to 4.0 g/100g) prevented the lower of mean serum albumin level. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the CGFP concentration. The rate of decreasing in the albumin level was recorded -11.43, -9.80, -6.63 and -5.14% with the rat diets supplemented by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/100g of CGFP, respectively.
Effect of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) on Kidney Functions of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in serum urea (50.81%) and creatinine (31.50%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with CGFP (0.2 to 1.6 g/100g) prevented partially the rise of mean serum urea and creatinine levels. The rate of preventative in particular for the creatinine level was increased with the increasing of the CGFP concentration. The rate of increasing in the kidney functions parameters were recorded 35.11, 30.29, 22.29 and 17.26% (For urea) and 20.01, 12.91, 8.44 and 6.39% (for creatinine) with the rat diets supplemented by 0.5,1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/100g of CGFP, respectively. Effect of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) on CCl4 induced changes in liver oxidant/antioxidant status of rats: Oxidant (Malondialdehyde, MDA) level: The effect of CGFP on the liver lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) concentration of rats injected by CCl4 and CCl4 plus CGFP. Treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in liver lipids malondialdehyde (263.35%) compared to normal controls. The control positive recorded 13.70 nmol/mg tissue protein which decreased after treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/100g CGFP to 11.44, 7.97, 6.65 and 5.34 nmol/mg tissue protein, respectively. Therefore, supplementation of the rat diets with CGFP prevented significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the rise of mean liver content MDA levels. Antioxidant (reduced glutathione, GSH) level: The mean value of GSH for control (-) group was 8.67 µmol / mg tissue protein while there were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in liver tissue GSH for control (+) group with percent of change 33.82% compared to control (-) group. Supplementation of the rat diets with CGFP (0.5 to 4.0 g/100g) prevented the lower of mean liver tissue GSH content. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the CGFP concentration. The rate of decreasing in the GSH content was recorded -28.93, -22.81, -20.56 and -15.68 % with the rat diets supplemented by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/100g of CGFP, respectively. Effect of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) on liver histopathology of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride: Microscopically, liver of rats from negative control group showing the normal histological structure of hepatic lobule. Meanwhile, liver of rats from positive control group (CCl4 group) showed sporadic necrosis of hepatocytes, focal hepatic necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration as well as Kupffer cells activation. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly reduced by the CGPP i.e. confers an appealing hepato-protective effect. Effect of Cape gooseberry fruits powder (CGFP) on kidney histopathology of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Microscopically, kidneys of rat from group 1 showed the normal histological structure of renal parenchyma. However, kidneys of rat from positive control group (CCl4 group) revealed vacuolation of renal tubular epithelium, protein cast in the lumen of renal tubules and atrophy of glomerular tuft. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly reduced by the CGPP i.e. confers an appealing nephro-protective effect.