الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the last few years there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicines and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. Many plant flowers are edible. Plant flowers contain nutrients, especially phenolic compounds which have been implicated in conferring biological and beneficial health effects. The present work was thereby conducted to evaluate the potential effect of plant flowers formulas: I (tilia + feverfew), II (marjoram + rosebud), III (clover + zucchini ) & IV (their mixture) on the hepatotoxicity in CCl4 injected rats. To achieve these aims, the design of the study were as follows: Thirty (30) rats fed on standard diet for 7 days for adaptation; only (n= 25 rats) were injected by CCl4 to induce liver damage. All rats were divided into 6 groups (5 rats each); all groups were fed for 4 weeks according to the following groups: group (1): Rats (n=5) was fed on basal diet only as negative control group. group (2): Rats were kept without any treatment as a positive control group (C+ ve) (rates =5) and fed on basal diet after injection with CCl4. group (3): Rats (n=5) were injected by CCl4 then fed on basal diet containing 5% formula I (tilia + feverfew) flowers with equal ratio (1:1 W/W). group (4): Rats (n=5) were injected by CCl4then fed on basal diet containing 5% formula II (marjoram+rosebud) flowers with equal ratio (1:1 W/W). group (5): Rats (n=5) were injected by CCl4 then fed on basal diet containing 5% formula III(clover +zucchini ) flowers with equal ratio (1:1 W/W). group (6): Rats (n=5) were injected by CCl4 then fed on basal diet containing 5% formula IV(their mixture) with equal ratio (1:1:1 W/W). At the end of experiment (4 weeks), the blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting and serum separated for determination of: Lipid profile including cholesterol, tri-glycride (T.G), high density lipoprotein (HDLc), low density lipoprotein (LDLc), very low density lipoprotein (VLDLc), Atherogenic index, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, albumin, globulin, total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST ALT/AST and ALP), GPX, SOD and CAT. At the same time, the organs heart, liver, kidney, spleen and lung were removed washed in saline solution, dried by filter paper, weighted, and heart, liver and kidney stored frozen in formalin solution 10% for histopathological examinations. Biological, biochemical and histopathological change were investigated. Statistical analysis: The data were statistically analyzed using a computerized costat program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as Mean ± SD; differences between treatments at (P<0.05) were considered significant. The obtained results can be summarized as following: 1. The mean value of BWG% of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, showing a significant difference as compared to control (+) group with percentage of increases +300.58%. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed a significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best BWG% was recorded for group ”5” (formula III (clover + zucchini) flowers) when compared to control (+) group. 2.The mean value of (FI) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, showing a significant difference. All hepatointoxicated rats fed on various diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) groups. Numerically, the best FI recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 3. The mean value of FER of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, showing significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed a significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best FER was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. The effect of experimental diets on weight of internal organs: 1. The mean value of liver (g.) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically the best liver weight was recorded group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 2. The mean value of heart (g.) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed significant differences in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best heart weight was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 3. The mean value of kidneys (g.) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showing a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+).Numerically, the best kidneys weight was revealed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 4.The mean value of lungs (g.) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The better lungs weight was observed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 5.The mean value of spleen (g.) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best Spleen weight was recorded for group ”5” (formula III (clover + zucchini)) when compared to control (+) group.
The effect of experimental diets on Liver functions: 1. The mean value of (AST) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases group when compared. All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was observed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group considering (AST) enzyme. 2. The mean value of (ALT) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the better treatment was noticed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) in comparison with control (+) group. 3. The mean value of (ALP) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicated a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) recorded the best treatment of serum ALP. 4. The mean value of (AST) / (ALT) ratio of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets revealed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment considering the AST/ ALT ratio was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) in comparison with control (+) group. The effect of experimental diets on Total protein , Albumin and Globulin: 1. The mean value of T.P. of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, indicating a significant. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant increases in mean values. Numerically, the best treatment considering the serum T.P was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) in comparison with control (+) group. 2. The mean value of albumin of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, indicating a significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant increases in mean values (except group8) as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment considering the serum albumin was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) in comparison with control (+) group. 3. The mean value of globulin of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, indicating a significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment considering the serum globulin (g/dl) was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) in comparison with control (+) group. The effect of experimental diets on T.Bili, D.Bili and ind. Bili.: 1. The mean value of T. Bili. of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically the best treatment considering the serum T.Bili. was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)).2. The mean value of D.Bili. of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment considering the serum D.Bili. was recorded for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)). 3. The mean value of In.D.Bili. of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating as significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment considering the serum In.D.Bili. was recorded for group ”4” formula II (marjoram +rosebud) flowers in comparison with control (+) group. The effect of experimental diets on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol HDLc )Low) density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDLc )very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDLc) & Atherogenic index(AI): 1. The mean value of (TC) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases.All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed a significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically the better serum (TC) was showed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 2. The mean value of (TG) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best serum (TG) was recorded for for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 3. The mean value of (HDLc) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, showing a significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best serum (HDLc) was observed for for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 4. The mean value of (LDLc) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Rats fed on for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud))recorded the best serum (LDLc). 5. The mean value of (VLDLc) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was recorded for for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) considering serum (VLDLc). 6. The mean value of (AI) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was recorded for for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) considering serum (AI). Effect of of experimental diets on kidney function: 1. The mean value of urea of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was recorded for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group of serum urea. 2. The mean value of creatinine of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, showing a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets revealed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was recorded for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. 3. The mean value of uric acid of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets revealed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was observed for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud))when compared to control (+) group. Effect of experimental diets on Oxidative enzymes SOD, CAT and GPX: 1. The mean value of Serum SOD of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, indicating a significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically,the best treatment considering the serum SOD was recorded for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud)) when compared to controle (+) group. 2. The mean value of Catalase (Mmol/L) of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, indicating a significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed a significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment considering the serum Catalase Mmol/L was recorded group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud))when compared to controle (+) group.3. The mean value of GPX of control (+) group was lower than control (-) group, indicating a significant increases. All hepatic rats fed on different diets showed a significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The best treatment considering the serum GPX (Ng /ml.) was recorded for group ”4”(formula II (marjoram +rosebud))when compared to control(+) group. Effect of of experimental diets on serum glucose: The mean value of serum glucose (mg/dl) of control (+) group was higher than control (-) group, indicating a significant decreases. All hepatic rats fed on various diets revealed a significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. Numerically, the best treatment was observed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)) when compared to control (+) group. Effect of of experimental diets on histopathological change: Hepatointoxication lead to pronounced changes in the structure of liver, kidneys and heart. Meanwhile due to feeding on formulae diets such changes corrected greatly. For retaining the original structure, however, more feeding time seems to be needed. Besty treatment formula observed for group ”4” (formula II (marjoram + rosebud)).