الفهرس 
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Abstract
The fungal infection of chickens is one of the most serious problems causing high economic losses due to not only high morbidity and mortality in young chickens but also due to production of mycotoxins which cause immune-suppression in birds, stunted growth; diarrhea; and fatal encephalitis , lowering their resistance level to various viral and bacterial diseases which lead to increasing mortality.
In spite of the introduction of new antifungal drugs, they are limited in number. The increase of fungal resistance to classical drugs, the treatment costs, and the fact that most available antifungal drugs have only fungistatic activity, justify the search for new strategies
Synthetic fungicides are currently used as primary means for the control of fungal disease. However, the alternative control methods are needed because of the negative public perceptions about the use of synthetic chemicals, resistance to fungicide among fungal pathogens, and high development cost of new chemicals. The uses of plant-derived products as disease control agents have been studied, since they tend to have low mammalian toxicity, less environmental effects and wide public acceptance .
Rapid and accurate differentiation of pathogenic species of Aspergillus and Candida has become particularly important for selecting effective antifungal therapy. In addition, information about species identity is important for epidemiological and control purposes, such as for outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis, for surveillance of the emergence of new species and accurate
determination of incidence rates .
The purpose of this study was to identify the phenotypic characters of different fungal isolates recovered from broiler chickens and the effect of different oils on the growth of fungal isolates.
A total of 226 samples were collected from broiler chickens (87 from air sacs) , (68 from heart) , (56 from kidney) & (15 from liver) from different farms in El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef governorates. 120 (53.1%) positive fungal isolates were recovered, 44 (50.6%) from air sacs; of which 36 (41.4%) moulds and 8 (9.2%) yeasts, 29 (42.6%) fungal isolates were recovered from heart; of which 20 (29.4%) were moulds and 9 (13.2%) were yeasts. In kidney, 42 (75%) fungal isolates were recovered; of which 34 (60.7%) moulds isolates; and 8 (14.3%) were yeasts; and 5 (33.3%) mould isolates were recovered from liver.
Mycological examination of positive fungal isolates revealed that 95 mycelial fungai isolates which were obtained at a rate of 42 %. Six fungal species were recovered, 49 Aspergillus fumigatus (21.7%), 19 Asperigllus flavus (8.4%), 19 Aspergillus niger (8.4%), 3 Aspergillus nidulanse (1.3%) 1 Chladosporium spp. (0.4%) and 4 Penicillium spp. (1.8%) . Concerning yeasts isolates were 25 in no. with 11.1% and examined biochemically, of which 23 isolates were recognized as Candida species and identified as 6 C. albicans (2.7%), 1 C. stellatoidea (0.4%), 6 C. pseudotropicalis (2.7%), 5 C. krusei (2.2%) and 5 C. rugosa (2.2%). and 2 isolates were recognized as C. neoformans (0.9%)
All yeasts isolates were to chlamydospore and germ tube production (23 Candida species and 2 Cryptococcus species). C. albicans isolates were the only which produced chlamydospores and formed germ tube while the rest of Candida species as well as Cryptococcus species did not.
Moreover, the antifungal activities of cinnamon, thyme and anise oils against the recovered fungai were tested using agar dilution method.
Results revealed that thyme oil at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3% completely inhibited the growth of different fungal isolates.
Anise oil completely inhibited the growth of different fungal isolates at a concentration of 0.5% while at concentration of 0.3% the fungal growth occurred but with gradual retardation with increased concentration. On the other hand, concentration of 0.1% has no fungicidal effect.
Concerning cinnamon oil, it completely inhibited the growth of different fungal isolates at a concentration of 0.1% while at concentration of 0.05% the fungal growth occurred but with gradual retardation with increased concentration.
In the present study, the PCR test was applied; as a confirmatory test, on randomly selected 9 isolates which were morphologically and biochemically identified as (2 A.flavus, 2 A.niger, 2 A.fumigatus, 2 C. albicans and 1 Cryptococcus). The results revealed that all the 9 isolates which identified morphologically and biochemically, showed positive results with PCR test using Oligonucleotide primer that amplifies a 595 : 600 bp fragment .
Morever, sequence analysis test was applied; as a confirmation to PCR.
The results showed that The PCR products of 9 samples which were identified as A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, C. albicans and Cryptococcus were subjected for sequencing. The result of sequencing showed that 2 A. flavus, 2 A. niger, 1 A. fumigatus, 2 C. albicans were gave alignment with their resembles in gene bank , while 1 sample of A. fumigatus was suquancely errored.
Cryptococcus sample which the result of sequencing of its PCR product was identified by traditional method as Cryptococcus gave alignment with Pichia spp. in gene bank which needs more researches and investigation.