الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
End stage renal disease is an important worldwide health problem. Hemodialysis represents the most commonly used mode for treatment of CKD stage 5 (ESRD). As hemodialysis patients are anuric or oliguric, weight gain between two successive sessions is common due to fluid retention. Ultrafiltration signifies the process by which fluids are removed during the dialysis session to treat the interdialytic weight gain.
Chronic fluid overload is very frequent in haemodialysis patients, so one of the major targets of HD therapy is to maintain a normal extracellular volume status. Volume overload prevention is a core recommendation as it is directly associated with hypertension, increased arterial stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure and essentially higher mortality and morbidity. To determine the hydration state, clinical (pedal oedema, interdialytic weight gain, ultrafiltration rate or blood pressure) or paraclinical (inferior vena cava diameter and its collapsibility index, relative plasma volume monitoring) methods are used.
Extravascular lung water (EVLW) is a fundamental component of body fluid volumes and represents the water content of the lung interstitium. The increase in EVLW can be related to total body extracellular volume overload or to cardiac dysfunction. Both conditions are frequent in hemodialysis patients. Many methods have been proposed to evaluate the EVLW. Within the past few years, lung ultrasonography has been validated for assessment of pulmonary congestion through detection of B-lines (ultrasound lung comets).