الفهرس 
الإطار النظري والإستعراض المرجعييوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The agriculture sector has a vital and important role in
advancing economic and social development in Egypt, it is
nourishing for many other sectors, especially the manufacturing
sector, where supply it with raw materials needed for many
industries, as well as the foreign trade sector, where agricultural
exports amounted to about 3.7 billion pounds, accounting for
about 9% of total exports in Egypt 2013, which helps to provide
the foreign exchange needed to finance development programs.
Egypt has focused during the last two decades to make many
developments in the agriculture sector, which had the greatest
impact In the formation of the national income and enhancing
direction toward exports, as well as the affection on cropping
patterns, applied technology and the level of farmers’ income.
Among the most important features of change witnessed by the
agriculture sector in the framework of preserve the water resource
and increase the availability of it for use are: re-use of agriculture
drainge water to irrigate some of farms after mixing it with
irrigation water in some canals and channels, as well as
wastewater after treatment. Also the state carried out many
projects that reduce pollution rates of the Nile and its branches in
an effort to improve water quality where pollution levels have
reached unacceptable levels in many agricultural areas which
affected the ability of these areas on a healthy and safe food
production, whether For local consumption and for export abroad.
Nevertheless, the pollution levels are still high in some
agricultural areas, especially in the ends of canals and waterways,
as well as the lack of equitable distribution of water among
farmers in addition to large quantities of water wasted in the land
Clay. So it is necessary to continue in the development of several
projects to improve the use of water Irrigation and increase the
quality and reduce waste of them.
Field irrigation development project has already been
implemented in different parts of the republic in the north, south
and central Egypt in order to cure the problems of old lands of
wasting large quantities of water, lack of equitable distribution of water, erosion of dust canals, weeds growth and pollution,
multiplicity of irrigation systems as well to the time, effort and
cost of large efforts in operations agricultural land irrigation.
Therefore, this study examined the economic impact of this
project in Behaira governorate, one of the largest governorates of
implementing this project to determine the impact of the
implementation of this project on the amount of gross savings in
irrigation water and the productivity of agricultural land and the
project usefulness in the treatment of the mentioned problems of
irrigation in the old lands, as well as a vision for the installation of
the optimal crop rotation for rationalizing the use of irrigation
water and maximizing its return, rather than to identify the
Funders of the project and develop proposals to finance the
project on the level of generalization of the Republic.
The study included four key parts in addition to the
introduction, which contained the problem, the objectives, the
sources of data and the research methodology. The problem of
study is represented in increasing pressure on the water resource
as a result of continued population growth, which requires more
vertical and horizontal development that need to more land
reclamation and more than one supplier of water and this is
inconsistent with the development strategy that are looking to
reduce the consumption of water component in the light of
political developments. The study discussed ways of rationalizing
the use of irrigation water to as little as possible while
maintaining the highest productivity of the water unit at the
lowest cost possible through the identification of field irrigation
project development and economic and financial evaluation to
find out the feasibility of the project and the extent of the yield
earned for the farmer and the state In Behaira governorate, and to
put the installation Crop patterns have more satisfactory to
achieve the greatest net return possible under the least amount of
water consumed.
The study relied on previous studies in this area, secondary data
published and unpublished, authorities and various institutions
such as the Ministry of Agriculture and land reclamation، Central Department of the Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Irrigation
and Water Resources, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization
and statistics, and Internet sites, as well as field data from a
sample Inquisition fieldwork in Kafr El Dawar, Abu Hummus
districts, Beheira governorate in the agricultural season of 2013 /
2014 .
Part I included two chapters. The first chapter deals with the
theoretical framework for the study, which reviewed many of the
Issues related to the search topic, as well as explaining concepts
used in the study, while the second chapter deals with the
previous studies ( review of literature), showing that agriculture
patterns and the exploitation of water resources are not
commensurate with the limited size of this resource and the
expected problem size in The coming years as a result of the
extravagance of the farmers in the use of water due to not pricing
and the feeling of having no value addition to the expansion in the
cultivation of crops of rice and sugar cane, which led to a
deterioration of large areas of soils, low fertility, the appearance
of the saline soils and lack of efficient drainage networks in which
leading to lower yields.
Part II reviewed field irrigation development systems at the
farm level through the four seasons. The first chapter reviewed
the irrigation systems prevailing in Egypt in the old lands
represented in surface (flood), irrigation sectors (slides), irrigation
basins, irrigation lines, as well as the problems of water
management in light of these systems, as well as modern
irrigation systems to ensure the new land, whether drip or spray
with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Chapter II included the implementing phases of the project,
addressing the objectives of the project, its activities, areas
planned for implementation of the project as well as reviewing the
different models for the development of canals and seculars and
technical considerations when choosing any of them. This chapter
also addressed the water users associations and their benefits.
The third chapter estimated costs for the development of Field
irrigation in Behaira governorate in 2014, While the fourth chapter studied the different funding sources and the nature of the
projects targeted by each source, with exposure to the problems of
agricultural finance and the reasons for the reluctance of many
sources for financing the agricultural sector, with the development
of proposals to find alternatives to finance the project on the level
of the Republic.
Part III included the economic impacts study for the
development of field irrigation systems in Beheira In four
chapters. The first chapter ensures that the selection and
characterization of the study sample was chosen as the Behaira
governorate As the second largest governorate in which the
restructuring of irrigation systems, in addition to that territory
Located at the ends of canals affiliate network of irrigation on the
level of the Republic and the consequent of the problems of lack
of access to water. The sample was withdrawn from Psontwaa
village of Abu Hummus district and Kom Isho village of Kafr Al-
Dawar district, in addition to the selection of crops of wheat,
cotton and rice, as the main important crops area. While the
second chapter reviewed the results of the economic evaluation of
the alternative irrigation systems in the specular innuendos and
pipes buried In addition to the sensitivity analysis at reducing the
lifespan of the project for five years with leaving other factors
constant. Chapter III included the statistical estimation of the
production functions for the studied crops to identify the impact
of the use of irrigation technology development on production
volume using transforming variables. Fourth chapter reviewed a
descriptive analysis of the developing problems suffered by
farmers and suggestions for the improved performance.
The fourth and last part of the study dealt with the optimum use
of the water resource in the context of the development events of
the field irrigation in Behaira governorate in three chapters. The
first chapter included the strategic vision of agricultural
development to raise the efficiency of the two units of land and
water by displaying targets regarding agricultural sector and
policies to achieve those goals in addition to raising the efficiency
of the use of water resources program. The second chapter reviewed the impact of the establishment of field irrigation
development on the evolution of both the crop area and consumed
quantity of irrigation water during the period (1985, 2012) where
it was divided into two periods, the first (1985: 1997) before the
start of operation of the project, and the second (1998: 2012) after
the implementation of the project in order to determine the extent
of the accident of evolution before and after field irrigation
development in the governorate. Chapter III has included the use
of linear programming to develop a proposal for the installation of
the crop pattern to achieve the greatest net return with low needs
of water are possible. Six scenarios were put in the framework of
the strategic vision of agricultural development, two of them to be
applied to the near-term in 2017, and four scenarios for
application on the long-term in 2030.
The study has reached several conclusions, among which was
the feasibility of the field irrigation development project as It
achieved its desired goals. by conducting sensitivity analysis of
the project, it is found that positive yield overlying costs in all
years of useful life to the two development alternatives.
Regarding to the impact of the use of field irrigation
development technology on crops, study shows the decrease in
the cost of producing an acre of rice from about 2740 pounds, on
average, to about 2126 and 2191 pounds of land equipped
innuendos canals and buried pipes respectively, higher
productivity per acre of about 3 tons of traditional irrigation land
to about 3.8 and 3.5 tons of land with a specular innuendos and
pipes buried respectively.
Also water consumption of an acre of rice decreased, equivalent
to about 2,700 m3 water in land-equipped canals innuendos, and
about 3024 m3 in the land equipped with buried pipes.
The cost of production per acre of cotton crop has decreased
from about 3693 pounds, on average, to about 2913 and 3200
pounds of land equipped canals innuendos and buried pipes,
respectively, and productivity per acre increased from about 7.4
quintars of land with traditional irrigation to about 8.7 and 9.2 quintars of land with specular innuendos and pipes buried
respectively.
The consumption of water per acre decreases, equivalent to
about 2527 m3 of water in land-equipped canals innuendos, and
about 4061 m3 in the land equipped with pipes buried the cost of
producing an acre of wheat decreased from about 2482.5 pounds,
on average, to about 2053 and 2179.5 pounds in land equipped
canals innuendos and pipes buried, respectively, and productivity
per acre increased from about 14.5 ardebs in land with traditional
irrigation to about 16.1 and 16.4 ardabs in medium ground with
specular innuendos and buried pipes.
Water consumption of wheat acre has decreased by about 958.9
m3 in land-equipped canals innuendos, and about 1050.3 in the
territory processed pipes buried.
Despite the feasibility of the project, the results of field
research proved the existence of some of the problems faced by
farmers during their use of the upgraded Marawi without which it
could increase the efficiency of project performance and benefit
farmers, which was highlighted by the presence of many technical
defects during the installation of the specular led to the leakage of
water into the subsoil and dumping some areas of land with a
broken pipes and leaking water them, or the thirst of others
because farmers deficit of irrigation in the breaking of a pipe is
muted lifting Main station until maintenance damaged.
Studying the evolution of crop area and the amount of water
consumed in Behaira governorate during the period (1985: 2012)
which has been divided into two periods (1985: 1997) before the
operation of the project, (1998: 2012) after the operation of the
project showed a significant difference between the two periods
of the total crop area and an area both winter and summer.
average crop area increased annually by 6.60 thousand acres
during the first period and 27.5 thousand acres during the second
period, while the winter area increased by about 1.02 thousand
acres 14.6 thousand acres during the first and second periods,
respectively, while the summer area has increased annually at a
rate of 4.3 thousand acres and 0.20.1 thousand acres during the same periods, respectively, while the Nili area there is no
significant difference between the two periods, where it dropped
annually by 320 acres during the entire period. In relation to the
evolution of the amount of water consumed during the two
periods, no significant difference shown while total water
consumed decreased annually by 11 million m3 during the entire
period, and the amount of water consumed decreased for winter
and summer by about 4, 10.9 million m3 respectively, while
showing significant difference between the amount of water
consumed for Nili season during the first and the second periods,
dropping by about 25.2 and 3.2 million m3 respectively.
As it turns out, there is a significant difference between the two
periods regarding water rate per acre, which fell with an annual
average of standardized water per acre of the total crop area, Nili
area about 0.05 and 3.6 m3 during the first period, respectively,
and approximately 0.09 and 0.06 thousand acres during the
second period respectively. While it became clear that there is no
difference, for winter and summer seasons where water fell by
0.01 and 0.02 thousand acres during the entire period,
respectively.
The study proposed six scenarios for the installation of
cropping patterns in Behaira governorate that achieve the greatest
return with less needs of water within the framework of the vision
of agricultural development strategy, as stated two scenarios for
application on the near-term in 2017, and four scenarios for
application on the long-term in 2030. All agreed on the need to
reduce the voracious use of crop area of water, rice and sugar
cane.
The study has recommended expanding in the implementation
of field irrigation development project where the positive yield
overlying costs under all circumstances and changes throughout
the useful life of the project, and taking into account technical
aspects during implementation so as to reduce wastage in water
quantity to the least grades targeted in order to achieve the farmer
maximum advantage.