الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pain is a problem that often has to be addressed in the prehospital setting. The delivery of analgesia may sometimes prove challenging due to problems establishing intravenous access or a harsh winter environment. To solve the problem of intravenous access, intranasal administration of drugs is used in some settings. The intranasal (IN) delivery of analgesic agents provides quick and simple drug administration without the need for needles, a particular advantage in pediatric patients. Intranasal delivery of drugs is a widely accepted pain relief strategy in children both in the pre-hospital and ED settings.