الفهرس 
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate Piroxicam (PIR) niosomes using different optimization techniques to prepare an optimized formula of PIR-entrapped niosomes which furthermore formulated into sustained release transdermal gel dosage form. Different formulae of the prepared niosomal gel were investigated and the best formula was subjected to in vivo studies to evaluate the efficiency of niosomal formulation in improving the availability and bioavailability of PIR as a poorly soluble drug and in controlling its release from the transdermal gel. the obtained results are as follows:
1- Optimization technique was successful in preparing an optimized formula with good entrapment efficiency and good release % of PIR.
2- The permeation of PIR from all the prepared niosomal gel preparations followed Higuchi’s diffusion model.
3- All the investigated gels containing 0.5 % w/w PIR exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropic behavior.
4- The degradation of PIR from its niosomal formulations was found to be zero –order reaction kinetics.
5- Formula g3 showed very good gel evaluation, drug content, the best in-vitro drug permeation, good stability and a good valuable of t90.
6- The prepared PIR niosomal gel (formula g3) showed a high peak plasma concentration and enhanced bioavailability in rats compared with the marketed products (Felden® gel, Felden® capsule and Felden® ampoule, Pfizer) presented in the higher AUC0-∞.
So, niosomes were shown to be effective as a PIR carrier for topical formulation and application.