الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was planned to investigate the effect of phytoestrogen (chrysin) to arrest or protect from the development of breast cancer in postmenopausal female rats.
In this study:
One hundred and five postmenopausal female albino rats ―Sprague-Dawely‖ weighing range 250-280 g were used. The rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups. Group1 (negative control group), group2 (NMU/glycofurol) positive control for treatment groups and group3 (glycofurol/NMU) positive control group for protective groups. Treatment groups include, groups 4 (NMU/chry.LD) & 5 (NMU/chry.HD) rats received 4 i.p. doses of NMU (75mg/kg b.wt.) each dose every 5 days, then left for 6 weeks and followed by 3 oral doses of chrysin, 125 mg/kg b.wt.(low dose, LD) for group4 or 250 mg/kg b.wt.(high dose,HD) for Group5 per week for another 6 weeks. Protective groups include groups 6 (chry.LD/NMU) & 7 (chry.HD/NMU) rats received 3 oral doses of chrysin, 125mg/kg b.wt (LD) for group6 or 250 mg/kg b.wt. (HD) for group7 per week for 6 weeks and followed by NMU injection as in treatment groups then left for another 6 weeks.
Hematological parameters were estimated in whole blood. Serum CRP, CEA, E2 levels, antioxidant enzymes activities (arginase, CAT, GST), TAC, MDA and NO were estimated. Breast tissues were used in histopathological examination.
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1- NMU injection caused significant increase in WBC and differential leucocytes percentage (monocytes % and granulocytes%) while, lymphocytes percent was significantly decreased in both positive control groups compared to negative control group.
2- PLT count was significantly decreased in rats injected with NMU before glycofurol consumption and non-significantly reduced in rats injected with NMU after glycofurol consumption compared to negative control group.
3- Using chrysin as treatment or protective agent caused significant reduction in WBC count, non-significant reduction in monocytes and granulocytes percent and non-significant increase in lymphocytes compared to their positive control groups.
4- PLT count was increased non-significantly by using chrysin as treatment or protective agent compared to their positive control groups.
5- Precancerous disorders induced by NMU injection caused significant reduction in Hb, MCH and MCHC levels and significant elevation in MCV and RDW% levels compared to negative control group.
6- Using chrysin as treatment or protection with different doses in treatment and protective groups induced non-significant elevation in Hb concentration, MCH and MCHC levels and significant reduction in MCV and RDW% compared to their positive control groups.
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7- CRP and CEA levels were significantly elevated in both positive control groups, even, their values in rats injected with NMU after glycofurol consumption were elevated more than rats injected with NMU before glycofurol consumption.
8- CRP and CEA levels were significantly decreased in treatment and protective groups compared to their positive control groups and it’s clear that, CRP and CEA values of group used high dose of chrysin as protection nearly approach that of the negative control group.
9- Serum E2 level was significantly reduced after benign hyper proliferation induced by injection of NMU in both positive control groups. By using chrysin either as treatment or protection E2 level was significantly elevated mostly closer to that of negative control group.
10- The activity of arginase enzyme was significantly increased in rats bearing benign hyper proliferation (both positive control groups) when compared to negative control group.
11- Using chrysin as treatment, it nearly normalized the arginase activity while, preventive effect of chrysin was not sufficient to decrease arginase activity significantly comparing to negative control rats.
12- The activities of GST and CAT were significantly decreased after injection of NMU in both positive control groups when compared to negative control group. Using chrysin either as treatment or protective agent had the ability to restore the activity of CAT and GST enzymes.
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Meanwhile, using high dose of chrysin as protective agent maintained the levels of CAT and GST near normal.
13- The level of TAC was significantly decreased through induction of atypical hyperplasia by injection of NMU in group2 (NMU/glycofurol), while, MDA and NO levels were significantly increased in both positive control groups compared to negative control group.
14- Using chrysin as treatment or protective agent restored the great elevation in MDA and NO levels. Although, using chrysin as chemo-protective agent is more effective than using chrysin as treatment, especially, when used with high dose.
15- Histopathological examination of the mammary glands of postmenopausal female.