الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Biotechnology offers an opportunity to exploit the cell, tissue, organ or entire organism by growing them in vitro and introducing several plant growth regulators to get desired compounds. The principal objective of this thesis has been directed to introduce an effective in vitro propagation protocol of an endangered plant Capparis spinosa L. growing in North Sinai as well as its flavonoids content enhancement by different elicitors. Not only in vitro propagation protocol of Capparis spinosa L., but also for Achillea fragrantissima and its reflection on improvement of the hypoglycemic activity.
Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae) is a multipurpose plant with antioxidant, antifungal, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory and broncho-relaxant effects. C. spinosa L. is rich in medicinally active metabolites as flavonoids and their glycosides, glucosinolates, alkaloids, volatile oils and several phenolic acids. Its pharmacological activity is highly related to hydroxyl group rich compounds. C. spinosa (L.) is considered as an endangered plant in North Sinai due to intensive collection and other human activities. Plant tissue culture is the only way to increase the number of plant within a short time period since the traditional way of cultivation is very difficult due to its hard seed coat. Of the tested different growth hormones, 2 mg/L kinetin (Kin) resulted in maximum number of shoot proliferation (5.364 shoots/explant). While, 0.4 mg/L 1- naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) provided maximum number of adventitious root formation (13.18 roots/explant). Calli were successfully introduced by 2 mg/L 2,4- dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Direct organogenesis from aerial part explants showed remarkable success by thiadiazurone hormone (TDZ) and genetic assessment of in vitro micropropagated plants was confirmed by RAPD markers. The flavonoids content of all in vitro propagated plantlets was determined by HPLC analysis, but unfortunately it showed negative results. Plant tissue culture is also one way to improve flavonoids content of C. spinosa (L.) by elicitation process. Among different biotic and abiotic elicitors, 200 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) provided twofold and 1.5 fold flavonoids content that estimated in wild plants from 6- benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and Kin. –pretreated plantlets, respectively.
On the other hand, Achillea fragrantissima Forsk. (Family: Asteraceae) has been used as a hypoglycemic medicinal plant in traditional medicine in the Arabian region and it is known by local communities as Qaisoum. Among the high number of compounds identified in the plant, flavonoids and terpenes proved to be the major components. Although the plant is over exploited by collection for folk medicinal uses and considered endangered in Al-Gouf and Al-Qaseem, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there is no available in vitro propagation system for conservation of A. fragrantissima and for hypoglycemic effect enhancement. Of the tested different growth hormones, 0.6 mg/L BAP of 2 months a period of time resulted in maximum number of shoot proliferation (12.333 shoots/explant). While, 0.05 mg/L IAA provided maximum number of adventitious root formation (2.5 roots/explant). Callus induction was favored by leaf explants on 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IAA (1.06 g.), and 1 mg/L BAP and 2 mg/L IAA (0.79 g.) media in dark conditions. Direct organogenesis from aerial part explants showed remarkable success by thiadiazurone hormone (TDZ). from our in vivo hypoglycemic activity screening of different feeding of A. fragrantissima and their biochemical estimation study, both IBA- fed plants and NAA- fed plants significantly reduced elevated blood glucose level with 24% and 22%, respectively, by significant increase in insulin activity. These results showed better reduction of blood glucose level than the wild plant which reduces elevated blood glucose level by 10%.