الفهرس 
Scope of Work
PHYSIOGRAPHIC charACTERISTICS OF QUESNA DISTRICT, MENOUFIA GOVERNORATEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present work is devoted to evaluate the hydrochemistry of the
groundwater in Quesna district, and study the extent of pollution
through the determination of different types of chemical pollutants in
groundwater samples which were collected from the shallow and deep
wells, surface water samples were collected from the industrial
effluents and from El khadrawaya drain
To fulfill the objective of this research the following activities were
done:
- Review of Groundwater contamination concepts and previous
relevant studies.
- Collection and analysis of the physical settings and
hydrogeological conditions of the study area including its
location, topography, land use, stratigraphy, Meteorological
aspects, surface water system, groundwater aquifer system.
- Collection of groundwater and sewage water samples and its
chemical analysis, comparison to standards and a description of
the groundwater quality and sewage water quality in the study
area.
- Chemical speciation of the groundwater using geochemical
computer model “Visual MINTEQ”.
The study includes evaluation of water for using in different purposes
as drinking and irrigation. Carrying out the chemical analyses for
collected water samples these analyses included:
- Determination of the major ions Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and trace
constituents Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn , Zn and Fe .
- Determination of the anions Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. Determination of the organic constituent in the collected
samples by determining Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Piper diagram was used for classification of groundwater. All the
groundwater samples are characterized by secondary alkalinity,
Alkaline earth (Ca2+ + Mg2+) exceeds alkalis (Na++K+). Week acids
(CO32- + HCO3-) greatly exceed strong acids (Cl- +SO42-).
All groundwater samples characterized by lower TDS which are
reflected in low EC also.
All the groundwater samples show hardness less than 500mg/l, which is
suitable for drinking water according to WHO(2006). About 23.2% of
samples are moderately hard water, 38.4% of samples are hard and
38.4% are very hard. The high degree of hardness in the study area may
be attributed to the disposal of untreated/improperly treated sewage and
industrial wastes, so almost water are unsuitable for laundry uses.
Shallow and deep groundwater are polluted with metals “mainly Iron,
Chromium and Nickel” because the infiltration from sewage system.
Shallow groundwater are more polluted than deep groundwater, this is
because shallow groundwater is much vulnerable to pollution than
groundwater.