الفهرس 
Causes and Impacts of Climate Change and Sea Level RiseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This thesis aims at studying the impacts of the Sea Level Rise (SLR) and measuring the level of urban community resilience on the region of Northern Nile Delta , with special reference to Alexandria (Egypt) as one of the cities sub-ject to the impacts of SLR resulted from climate change. Additionally, the re-search compares Alexandria to a similar region; namely the Northern Coast of Java Island, with particular focus on Jakarta (Indonesia) as one of the most threatened cities by SLR in terms of exposed population.
In this regard, the current thesis addresses two main problems and suggests suitable recommendations for them. Firstly, the lack of resilience strategies in urban planning development in the Northern Coast of Nile Delta, which is con-sidered a highly threatened zone by SLR impacts, specifically floods. Hence, increasing the vulnerability of the inhabitants of this areas. Secondly, the unde-termined stakeholders and their responsibilities regarding the reduction of the impacts of SLR on this affected zone and lack of coordination, which lead to the incapability of identifying their role in increasing the resilience of the affect-ed community by SLR. Specifically that the severity of floods is expected to increase in the 2070- according to the recent studies of the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) , hence, these two problems are expected to increase the vulnerability of the Northern Coast of the Nile Delta region.
This thesis addresses the first problem by exploring various techniques ap-plied in two mega coastal cities: Alexandria (Abo-Qeer zone) in Egypt and Ja-karta (Pademangan zone) in Indonesia. This selection is mainly due to their nat-urally low topography below the sea level and the rank of the two cities in terms of population exposed to coastal flooding by 2070 as the 11th and the 20th re-spectively among 20 cities according to the OECD. Lately these ranks have been modified into the 1st and the 11th respectively according to recent researches.
Moreover, an index has been developed to measure the level of communi-ties’ resilience in these mega coastal cities using a Flood Disaster Resilience In-dex (FDRI). This index is developed on five resilience-based capitals: Govern-ance, Economic, Natural, Physical and Social. Different methods have been em-ployed to measure these capitals using the FDRI; these include literature review, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews held by the researcher. Furthermore, statistical analysis is carried out using Microsoft Office Excel. This analysis indicated that higher values of resilience are correlated with higher preparedness to cope with flood-related disasters and vice versa. It also shows that there are various types of vulnerability characteristic of each city. Based on this analysis , recommendations are presented to enhance the community resili-ence against flood-related disasters. In the overall, FDRI performance for both cities showed that the highest performance is achieved in the Governance Capi-tal. However, as for the Natural Capital, Alexandria city has a higher prepared-ness than Jakarta. Regarding the Social Capital: Jakarta’s performance is higher than Alexandria’s. In general, results showed strength and weaknesses in one capital or another.
This thesis addresses the second problem which is the overlapping and lack of coordination in the responsibilities of possible stakeholders regarding the re-duction of the impacts of SLR on this affected zone by literature review, the in-depth interviews and the questionnaires. The findings of this thesis showed clear determination for the concerned stakeholders and their responsibilities for both cities. Moreover, these findings shown that the availability of cooperation efforts between theses stakeholders are high in Jakarta than Alexandria , especially be-tween the government and academic representatives and between the academic representatives and NGOs. This is resulted from the increase of social awareness of flood disaster in Jakarta which leads to the effective participating between the community individuals, government, NGOs and academics to enhance the community resilience of the affected community by floods.