الفهرس 
Pediatric Respiratory System: AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Respiratory events are a major risk for perioperative
morbidity and mortality in children. Perioperative respiratory
adverse events are common among children with co-existing
pulmonary diseases.
Those diseases encompass a wide spectrum ranging
from mild upper respiratory tract infections to chronic lung
disease and end-stage pulmonary failure. Those diseases
share the pathophysiology of bronchospasm and variably
decreased flow in the airways, but also have unique
physiological consequences. An in-depth review of all major
pediatric pulmonary diseases is beyond the scope of a single
article
Children with co-existing pulmonary disease have a
wide range of clinical manifestations with significant
implications for anesthetists. Patients with respiratory disease
may either follow a relapse–remit pattern with return to
baseline function between exacerbations or may experience a
steady decline in lung function, with eventual development
of cor-pulmonale, respiratory failure, and death.By understanding the pathophysiology of the most
common respiratory diseases in pediatrics & reviewing the
recent literatures and the previous studies to clarify how we
can use the understanding of those diseases to prevent and
manage perioperative complications.
Also awareness of anatomical and physiological
differences, important pathological conditions affecting
children, and a knowledge of the available airway techniques
and tools will allow the anesthesiologist to formulate and execute safe and effective management of the pediatric
airway
The anesthesiologists can make a difference in
outcomes with a proper anesthetic plan for pediatric patients
with co-existing pulmonary diseases in order to prevent or
reduce the incidence of perioperative
complications.including the perioperative anesthetic
management, and postoperative care for the most common
pediatric pulmonary disorders encountered by
anesthesiologists.
Preoperative evaluation including history, physical
examination & investigations as well as appropriate
preparation for surgery such as chest physiotherapy or
premedications could optimize the child’s condition prior to
surgery & improve the outcome.
Our aim is to provide a plan for perioperative care of
the child with co-existing respiratory disease in the context of
a team approach in a stepwise approach to disease
management. An understanding of the importance of minimizing the risk for bronchoconstriction and having the
tools at hand to treat it when necessary is paramount in the
care of these patients in order to provide safe anesthesia for
those patients.