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Abstract The modern pharmacological therapy is costly and associated with multiple side effects resulting in patient non-compliance. Thus there is a need to explore alternative therapies particularly from herbal sources as these are cost effective and possess minimal side effects. Plants produce an amazing amount of complex chemicals we can use as medicines to “curb and cure” disease. For example, the reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) is a white rot, wood-decaying fungus that is classified within the family Ganodermaceae of Polyporales which show hard fruiting bodies. Nutritional studies indicated that G. lucidum contains mainly protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber. Artificially cultivated variety has similar contents of nutritional components compared withwild types, and the extraction significantly increases the amounts of crude protein and carbohydrates and deleted crude fiber. However, there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition of G. lucidum products depending on the strain, origin, extracting process, and cultivation conditions. Beside the all mentioned nutrients, the fruiting body, mycelia, and spores of G. lucidum contain approximately 400 different bioactive/phytochemical compounds, which mainly include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, nucleotides, sterols, steroids, fatty acids, proteins/peptides, and trace elements. Amongst all of these compounds, the triterpenoids and polysaccharides are occupied the central position as the most biologically active compounds. Triterpenoids extracted from G. lucidum are reported to be responsible for many of the pharmaceutical properties of the fungus. Thus far, hundreds of triterpenoids have been 2 isolated in G. lucidum and many more are likely to be discovered in the future. Two major types of triterpenoids are ganoderic acids (C30) and lucidenic acids (C27), with the total triterpenoid content in G. lucidum ranging from 0.6 to 11 mg/g o`f dry powder. These triterpenoids were reported to mitigate diabetes and regulate inflammatory pathways in cell culture. Triterpenoids from G. lucidum also possess significant chemo-therapeutic potential and exhibit cytotoxic effects on colon carcinoma cells. It has been reported that triterpenoid fraction of G. lucidum containing ganoderic acid F affect on activities tumor growth and metastasis which were mainly due to inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Also, triterpenoids, such as ganoderic acids T–Z isolated from G. lucidum, showed cytotoxic activity in vitro on hepatoma cells. Other studies report that different triterpenoids of G. lucidum have strong anti-HIV-1 protease activity and that triterpenes such as ganodermic acids C and D inhibit histamine release.Moreover, triterpenoids of G. lucidum have been reported to exert various enzyme inhibitory activities. Inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase (FTP) have been demonstrated to inhibit Ras-dependent cell transformation and thus represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human cancers. For the polysaccharides, more than 100 types have been isolated from the fruiting body, spores, and mycelia, or separated from the broth of a submerged liquid culture of G. lucidum . G. lucidum polysaccharides such as β-D-glucans, heteropolysaccharides, and glycoprotein have been isolated, characterized, quantified at 10–50% in dry weight and are considered the major contributors of bioactivity of the mushroom. Polysaccharides of G. lucidum also have cancer-fighting properties owing 3 primarily to modulation of the immune system and cellular protection from free radicals. Extracts from G. lucidum (e.g., polysaccharide fractions, methanolic extracts, and LZ-8) have mitogenic effects on mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence of various immunostimulating or immunosuppressive agents (e.g., PHA and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate). Moreover, Animal studies have demonstrated that the polysaccharide fractions of G. lucidum have potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Research with G. lucidum on diabetic mice indicates that free radical scavenging of polysaccharides protects pancreatic islets from oxidative stress. This finding is significant because it suggests that G. lucidum may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. For the unique content of bioactive compounds and their biological roles, G. lucidum has been reported to have a number of pharmacological effects including immunomodulating, antiatherosclerotic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, chemopreventive, antitumor, radioprotective, sleeppromoting, antibacterial, antiviral (including anti-HIV), hypolipidemic, antifibrotic, hepatoprotective, diabetic, antioxidative and radical-scavenging, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, and anti-ulcer properties. Although, studies regarding the relationship between the feeding of G. lucidum and bone health are so limited. Therefore,the purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential effects of reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) feeding on bone indices and serum minerals profile disorders induced by CCl4 on rat. Also, some serum immunemodulating factors and macromolecules will be determined for the same animals in a trial to make a correlation with their bone health parameters. 4 The obtained results could be summarized as follow: Effect of red mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder on immunological parameters of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Albumin Serum levels of albumin was tested and compared. Albumin of rats injected CCl4 and consumed red mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder (RMP) was shown in Table (2) and Figure (1). from such data it could be noticed that treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant decreased (p≤0.05) in albumin (30.12%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with RMP (1.0 to 5.0 g/100g) prevented the lower of mean serum albumin level. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the RMP concentration. The rate of decreasing in the albumin level was recorded -23.21, -20.25, -10.86, -8.64 and -5.68% with the rat diets supplemented by 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g/100g of RMP, respectively. Reduced glutathione (GSH) The mean value of GSH for control (-) group was 8.61± 1.10 g/dl while there were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in serum GSH for control (+) group with percent of change 32.52% compared to control (-) group. Supplementation of the rat diets with RMP (1.0 to 5.0 g/100g) prevented the lower of mean serum GSH level. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the RMP concentration. The rate of decreasing in the GSH level was recorded -26.60, -20.09, -16.38, -8.94 and -7.20 % with the rat diets supplemented by 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g/100g of RMP, respectively. 5 Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) Serum levels of inflammation response factor (Tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) was tested and compared. TNF-α of rats injected CCl4 and consumed red mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder (RMP) was shown in Table (2) and Figure (1). from such data it could be noticed that treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in TNF-α (93.28%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with RMP (1.0 to 5.0 g/100g) prevented the rise of mean serum TNF-α level. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the RMP concentration. The rate of increasing in the TNF-α level was recorded 65.67, 43.28, 30.60, 14.18 and 11.19% with the rat diets supplemented by 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g/100g of RMP, respectively. Effect of red mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder on serum minerals profile of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in Fe (-31.14%), Ca (-21.36%) and P (-25.76%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with RMP (1.0 to 5.0 g/100g) prevented the rise of mean serum Fe, Ca and P content. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the RMP concentration. The rate of increasing in the liver enzymatic activities were recorded -25.14, -17.65, -13.38, -7.30 and -4.24 % (For Fe); - 19.73, -17.80, -12.46, -7.32 and -4.45% (for Ca) and -23.48, -17.42, - 14.39, -9.09 and -6.82% (for P) with the rat diets supplemented by 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g/100g of RMP, respectively. N I. ECTION I. 6 Effect of red mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder on bone indices of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride Bone indices of rats injected CCl4 and consumed red mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder (RMP) were shown in Tables (2-5). From such data it could be noticed that treatment of animals with CCl4 caused a significant decreased (p≤0.05) in Bone mineral density (BMD, -19.20%), Bone g- protein (BG-P, -37.54%) and Bone mineral content (BMC, - 30.56%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with RMP (1.0 to 5.0 g/100g) prevented the lower of mean bone BMD, BG-P and BMC indices. The rate of preventative was increased with the increasing of the RMP concentration. Such as shown in Figures (1-7), the rate of increasing in the bone indices were recorded -16.00, -11.20, -7.20, -5.60 and -1.60 % (For BMD); -32.68, -18.87, -12.40, -7.88 and -6.93% (for BG-P) and -25.00, -22.22, -13.89, -8.33 and -8.33% (for BMC) with the rat diets supplemented by 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g/100g of RMP, respectively. |